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Pages from the past and present of Olanu commune, Vâlcea county
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Publisher: Editura Universitară
Author: Ion Brebenea, Nicolae Vasiloiu
Edition: I
Pages: 390
Publisher year: 2025
ISBN: 978-606-28-2083-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5682/9786062820831
Product Code:
9786062820831
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For the completion of this work, entitled Pages from the past and present of Olanu commune, Vâlcea county, whose authors are Ion Brebenea and Nicolae Vasiloiu, I recommended as a model the structure of the micromonographies from the Encyclopedia of Vâlcea County, vol. III – Rural Settlements, published by the Fântâna lui Manole Publishing House, Râmnicu Vâlcea, in 2022, which includes a balanced synthesis, in all aspects of the past and present of the communes and villages in Vâlcea county (as far as we know, the only work of this kind in the country), for which the monographs of the villages and communes, published or in manuscript (including the manuscript of this micromonography), archival documents, specialized works published over the years, etc. were used.
Following the advice he asked me to give while working, as they say, "with the client's material" (collected by the authors over the years), I agreed with Nicolae Vasiloiu, on whose shoulders the task of completing the work remained, after the passing of the late professor Ion Brebenea, not to make exaggerated claims regarding the title. In other words, the work should not be titled a monograph, as this would have assumed "an extensive scientific study, detailed and quasi-exhaustive treatise", a requirement that is difficult to achieve in order to raise the quality of the text to the level of a monograph, given the authors' lack of experience and the increased requirements, in this case, in terms of broad information and historical accuracy.
But even with the self-censorship that they honestly imposed on themselves, it is undeniable that, beyond our expectations, the two authors produced a work that exceeded the dimensions of a micromonography, a work with certain content contributions and valuable through the commendable contribution made to enriching local historiography, following that in the future, through a considerable effort and with help, possibly given step by step, it can be reviewed, completed and aligned with authentic rural monographs.
There are many local monographs, some successful, others less so. We do not want to praise the two authors (who have no training in the field) for nothing, but it is not useless to recognize that, through their love and attachment to their native places, which they stepped barefoot and felt the heat and vibration of the past, they managed to bring to the surface a lot of particularly interesting information about events and people of the place, which places their work far above many of the monographs to which we refer.
In conclusion, this work meets many of the criteria required for a scientific approach: it contains a rich bibliography, and the materials are structured according to the rules of the time. It comprises ... pages, B5 format, and is published by the University Publishing House of Bucharest, in 2025. After a Foreword, signed by the academic, historian and archivist Tudor Rățoi, and this Note on the volume, the information is structured in nine chapters: Chapter I: General data / Natural setting; Chapter II: History; Chapter III: Demographic evolution and administrative divisions; Chapter IV: Economy; Chapter V: Education; Chapter VI: Cultural life; Chapter VII: Religious life; Chapter VIII: Health care; Chapter IX: Personalities. The work ends with a Bibliography and a list of Abbreviations.
The cover offers the reader five photo illustrations – Olanu commune seen from north to south (Drăgioiu Cioboți); Nicolești village; the parish church "Casa Veche"; sunset on the Olt (Ionești hydroelectric reservoir), in Nicolești; the parish church Alba II Olanu – and some biographical data of the authors.
Having left us more than six years ago, professor Ion Brebenea sees his dream fulfilled, from the afterlife. It is the merit of his collaborator, Nicolae (Cosmin) Vasiloiu, whom we congratulate for the ambition with which he followed the desire to publish this volume, overcoming the barriers seen and unseen and managing to penetrate and shed light, as much as he could, on the darkness of the past.
Following the advice he asked me to give while working, as they say, "with the client's material" (collected by the authors over the years), I agreed with Nicolae Vasiloiu, on whose shoulders the task of completing the work remained, after the passing of the late professor Ion Brebenea, not to make exaggerated claims regarding the title. In other words, the work should not be titled a monograph, as this would have assumed "an extensive scientific study, detailed and quasi-exhaustive treatise", a requirement that is difficult to achieve in order to raise the quality of the text to the level of a monograph, given the authors' lack of experience and the increased requirements, in this case, in terms of broad information and historical accuracy.
But even with the self-censorship that they honestly imposed on themselves, it is undeniable that, beyond our expectations, the two authors produced a work that exceeded the dimensions of a micromonography, a work with certain content contributions and valuable through the commendable contribution made to enriching local historiography, following that in the future, through a considerable effort and with help, possibly given step by step, it can be reviewed, completed and aligned with authentic rural monographs.
There are many local monographs, some successful, others less so. We do not want to praise the two authors (who have no training in the field) for nothing, but it is not useless to recognize that, through their love and attachment to their native places, which they stepped barefoot and felt the heat and vibration of the past, they managed to bring to the surface a lot of particularly interesting information about events and people of the place, which places their work far above many of the monographs to which we refer.
In conclusion, this work meets many of the criteria required for a scientific approach: it contains a rich bibliography, and the materials are structured according to the rules of the time. It comprises ... pages, B5 format, and is published by the University Publishing House of Bucharest, in 2025. After a Foreword, signed by the academic, historian and archivist Tudor Rățoi, and this Note on the volume, the information is structured in nine chapters: Chapter I: General data / Natural setting; Chapter II: History; Chapter III: Demographic evolution and administrative divisions; Chapter IV: Economy; Chapter V: Education; Chapter VI: Cultural life; Chapter VII: Religious life; Chapter VIII: Health care; Chapter IX: Personalities. The work ends with a Bibliography and a list of Abbreviations.
The cover offers the reader five photo illustrations – Olanu commune seen from north to south (Drăgioiu Cioboți); Nicolești village; the parish church "Casa Veche"; sunset on the Olt (Ionești hydroelectric reservoir), in Nicolești; the parish church Alba II Olanu – and some biographical data of the authors.
Having left us more than six years ago, professor Ion Brebenea sees his dream fulfilled, from the afterlife. It is the merit of his collaborator, Nicolae (Cosmin) Vasiloiu, whom we congratulate for the ambition with which he followed the desire to publish this volume, overcoming the barriers seen and unseen and managing to penetrate and shed light, as much as he could, on the darkness of the past.
Eugen Petrescu
Ion Brebenea (born May 11, 1940, Galicea – February 28, 2019, Râmnicu-Vâlcea) – teacher. Studies: Middle School in Râmnicu-Vâlcea (1955-1959); Pedagogical Institute of Teachers in Bucharest (1959-1961). Activity: Niculițel General School, General School no. 9 Râmnicu-Vâlcea. Author of two mathematics collections: Mathematics Exercises and Problems for Grades I-II (ed. I, 1995; ed. II, 1996); Mathematics Exercises and Problems for Grades III-IV (1996), both published by DEDIT Publishing House, Râmnicu-Vâlcea.
Nicolae Vasiloiu (born July 3, 1984, Râmnicu-Vâlcea) – community police officer at the Băile Govora City Police. Studies: Râmnicu-Vâlcea High School (1999-2003); Spiru Haret University, Faculty of Law, Râmnicu-Vâlcea (2003-2007); Câmpina Police Officers School (2006-2007). He contributed information to the micromonograph "Olanu Commune" (authors: Ion Soare, Eugen Petrescu), published in the Encyclopedia of Vâlcea County, vol. III - Rural Settlements (Fântâna lui Manole Publishing House, Râmnicu-Vâlcea, 2002, coordinator Ion Soare).
Nicolae Vasiloiu (born July 3, 1984, Râmnicu-Vâlcea) – community police officer at the Băile Govora City Police. Studies: Râmnicu-Vâlcea High School (1999-2003); Spiru Haret University, Faculty of Law, Râmnicu-Vâlcea (2003-2007); Câmpina Police Officers School (2006-2007). He contributed information to the micromonograph "Olanu Commune" (authors: Ion Soare, Eugen Petrescu), published in the Encyclopedia of Vâlcea County, vol. III - Rural Settlements (Fântâna lui Manole Publishing House, Râmnicu-Vâlcea, 2002, coordinator Ion Soare).
Monographs, regardless of their subject, constitute a favorite genre of work for relatively broad categories of historical research, from professionals in the field to teachers, students and even retirees with the most diverse specializations, not to mention the interest that this historiographic genre presents for a diversity of consumers.
The most common and sought-after monographs are those dedicated to rural localities and institutions or economic units. During the Antonescu government, a commendable campaign was even initiated by the Ministry of Public Instruction through which school officials, beyond their level of training, were called to draw up monographs of their own communes and schools, which made these attempts to find the beginning of many similar works of later times.
To our knowledge, a monograph of the Olanu commune in the current Vâlcea county has not yet been written. This is why the present attempt that we owe to the late Ion Brebenea and Nicolae Vasiloiu represents a first step aimed at filling a gap that has been waiting for such an initiative for a long time. Obviously, the project that is being developed in the following will not be the only one of its kind, because such an approach cannot be forbidden to anyone who feels able and believes that he has the right to his own version of the past of his native town or of an institution within his area, provided that the step taken respects a minimal standard and does not impermissibly attack historical reality.
From these points of view, the reader who might be curious to pay attention to the basic landmarks of the historical evolution of the Olanu commune, an important locality on the map of the current Vâlcea county, will find that the invitation launched in these pages by the two authors to travel into its past, going through both the historical and current contents, has respected the requirements in the matter, making available essential information and judgments on the events and people that illustrate the theme set from the beginning, according to a coherent, detailed plan and followed with consistency and dexterity.
The reader will therefore find the most important data regarding the general description of the places where the commune and its component villages were born, the geography of these places (with the soil and subsoil resources, climate, waters, the appearance of the land, vegetation, flora and fauna), the history of the settlement (with its antiquity and historical development, starting from the first forms of human life identified by the artifacts discovered in its area and up to almost the present day), the population (meaning its state and movement), the social appearance (in other words: the general configuration, the popular dress, customs, beliefs, social conditions and transformations recorded over time), the economy (respectively, its general characteristics, the vegetation and agricultural crops practiced, animal husbandry, small industry, trade), the budgetary situation, the administration (i.e.: the administrative organization, with its frequent changes from one era to another), the basic institutions of the locality in all its component villages (school, church, cultural establishments and the sanitary ones – the cultural center, the library, the sanitary and veterinary dispensaries), the religion of the inhabitants, the prominent personalities of the place, as well as a series of other aspects that complete the historical picture in its continuous evolution.
The simple enumeration of the aspects treated by the authors shows that the work follows a clear and comprehensive direction, in obvious agreement with the rules generally embraced in the case of this type of historiographical approach, a fact that highlights, in equal measure, the relevance of the approach and its accuracy.
In achieving the proposed goal, it goes without saying that the authors have made a great effort to identify the essential historical sources and the related bibliography, which records the basic references regarding the locality.
Both sources, the sources and the bibliography, have been used preferentially and deliberately displaying the rudimentary information, unaccompanied in many cases by their own commentary, which, beyond the possible reservations that such a manner of working would arouse, has the advantage of leaving the reader the possibility of making a personal representation in relation to the historical fact depicted. This is all the more so since, in many cases, the historical data is very numerous and the reconstruction of the facts reaches an appreciable degree of depth and nuance. This is the case of the chapters in which the school, the church and the customs of the inhabitants are analyzed, or a multitude of human profiles from the place are brought out of the mists of time, whose effigy is recomposed not only on the basis of documents, but also from oral testimonies recorded over time by the village elders, the latter true living archives whose recording allowed the facts and characters invoked to acquire an authentic mythical aura.
In this way, the proposed work fully proves its usefulness, benefiting equally from both the advantage of chronological priority and the necessary tools to be accessible to a wide category of interested parties. Among these tools, the critical apparatus occupies the most significant place, the correlation of references in the text with the bibliographical list at the end offering the reader the possibility of correctly understanding the issues brought to attention, as well as the possibility of convincing themselves of its relevance and credibility. In conclusion, the authors honestly confess that they do not have the illusion of having created a monograph of the locality in the full sense of the notion, proof and the chosen title, the data presented being mainly of a historical nature and infinitely fewer of ethnographic, geographical and biological interest and completely absent of linguistic ones. The work must, therefore, be considered as a contribution with premise value to a new version of the commune's monograph, an intention that Mr. Nicolae Vasiloiu, left alone by fate, openly announces and expresses his hope that the future will have to bring an extension of the research and the preparation of a new version of the work, preferably in a new formula, either in the form of a revised and added edition, or in the form of a second volume. But, in extenso, it cannot be disputed that, through what is proposed to the readers here, a significant page has been opened in the identity book of the Olanu commune and that everything that will be undertaken from now on in completing this book will have to start from the page opened here, to which others with new information and why not? with new perspectives on this space as interesting as the one to which the authors have drawn our attention for the first time.
Whether or not they succeeded in their endeavor, the two authors leave to the readers' judgment. Instead, they ask that the present lines not be understood in any other sense than that through which they reveal their boundless love for their native lands and for the generations that created history and authentic Romanian identity civilization in the parts of Vâlca, hoping that such landmarks will be shared by the present and future sons of this beautiful corner of the country.
The most common and sought-after monographs are those dedicated to rural localities and institutions or economic units. During the Antonescu government, a commendable campaign was even initiated by the Ministry of Public Instruction through which school officials, beyond their level of training, were called to draw up monographs of their own communes and schools, which made these attempts to find the beginning of many similar works of later times.
To our knowledge, a monograph of the Olanu commune in the current Vâlcea county has not yet been written. This is why the present attempt that we owe to the late Ion Brebenea and Nicolae Vasiloiu represents a first step aimed at filling a gap that has been waiting for such an initiative for a long time. Obviously, the project that is being developed in the following will not be the only one of its kind, because such an approach cannot be forbidden to anyone who feels able and believes that he has the right to his own version of the past of his native town or of an institution within his area, provided that the step taken respects a minimal standard and does not impermissibly attack historical reality.
From these points of view, the reader who might be curious to pay attention to the basic landmarks of the historical evolution of the Olanu commune, an important locality on the map of the current Vâlcea county, will find that the invitation launched in these pages by the two authors to travel into its past, going through both the historical and current contents, has respected the requirements in the matter, making available essential information and judgments on the events and people that illustrate the theme set from the beginning, according to a coherent, detailed plan and followed with consistency and dexterity.
The reader will therefore find the most important data regarding the general description of the places where the commune and its component villages were born, the geography of these places (with the soil and subsoil resources, climate, waters, the appearance of the land, vegetation, flora and fauna), the history of the settlement (with its antiquity and historical development, starting from the first forms of human life identified by the artifacts discovered in its area and up to almost the present day), the population (meaning its state and movement), the social appearance (in other words: the general configuration, the popular dress, customs, beliefs, social conditions and transformations recorded over time), the economy (respectively, its general characteristics, the vegetation and agricultural crops practiced, animal husbandry, small industry, trade), the budgetary situation, the administration (i.e.: the administrative organization, with its frequent changes from one era to another), the basic institutions of the locality in all its component villages (school, church, cultural establishments and the sanitary ones – the cultural center, the library, the sanitary and veterinary dispensaries), the religion of the inhabitants, the prominent personalities of the place, as well as a series of other aspects that complete the historical picture in its continuous evolution.
The simple enumeration of the aspects treated by the authors shows that the work follows a clear and comprehensive direction, in obvious agreement with the rules generally embraced in the case of this type of historiographical approach, a fact that highlights, in equal measure, the relevance of the approach and its accuracy.
In achieving the proposed goal, it goes without saying that the authors have made a great effort to identify the essential historical sources and the related bibliography, which records the basic references regarding the locality.
Both sources, the sources and the bibliography, have been used preferentially and deliberately displaying the rudimentary information, unaccompanied in many cases by their own commentary, which, beyond the possible reservations that such a manner of working would arouse, has the advantage of leaving the reader the possibility of making a personal representation in relation to the historical fact depicted. This is all the more so since, in many cases, the historical data is very numerous and the reconstruction of the facts reaches an appreciable degree of depth and nuance. This is the case of the chapters in which the school, the church and the customs of the inhabitants are analyzed, or a multitude of human profiles from the place are brought out of the mists of time, whose effigy is recomposed not only on the basis of documents, but also from oral testimonies recorded over time by the village elders, the latter true living archives whose recording allowed the facts and characters invoked to acquire an authentic mythical aura.
In this way, the proposed work fully proves its usefulness, benefiting equally from both the advantage of chronological priority and the necessary tools to be accessible to a wide category of interested parties. Among these tools, the critical apparatus occupies the most significant place, the correlation of references in the text with the bibliographical list at the end offering the reader the possibility of correctly understanding the issues brought to attention, as well as the possibility of convincing themselves of its relevance and credibility. In conclusion, the authors honestly confess that they do not have the illusion of having created a monograph of the locality in the full sense of the notion, proof and the chosen title, the data presented being mainly of a historical nature and infinitely fewer of ethnographic, geographical and biological interest and completely absent of linguistic ones. The work must, therefore, be considered as a contribution with premise value to a new version of the commune's monograph, an intention that Mr. Nicolae Vasiloiu, left alone by fate, openly announces and expresses his hope that the future will have to bring an extension of the research and the preparation of a new version of the work, preferably in a new formula, either in the form of a revised and added edition, or in the form of a second volume. But, in extenso, it cannot be disputed that, through what is proposed to the readers here, a significant page has been opened in the identity book of the Olanu commune and that everything that will be undertaken from now on in completing this book will have to start from the page opened here, to which others with new information and why not? with new perspectives on this space as interesting as the one to which the authors have drawn our attention for the first time.
Whether or not they succeeded in their endeavor, the two authors leave to the readers' judgment. Instead, they ask that the present lines not be understood in any other sense than that through which they reveal their boundless love for their native lands and for the generations that created history and authentic Romanian identity civilization in the parts of Vâlca, hoping that such landmarks will be shared by the present and future sons of this beautiful corner of the country.
Prof. dr. Tudor Rățoi
Introduction /
Chapter I. General data / Natural setting / 13
I.1. General data / 13
I.1.1. Settlement, neighbors / 13
I.1.2. Component villages, access roads, surface, population, occupation of inhabitants / 13
I.2. Natural setting / 14
I.2.1. Relief / 14
I.2.2. Climate / 14
I.2.3. Soils / 15
I.2.4. Hydrographic network / 15
I.2.5. Flora / 16
I.2.6. Fauna / 19
Chapter II. History / 25
II.1. Material traces discovered on the territory of the locality / 25
II.1.1. Prehistoric evidence / 25
II.1.2. Evidence of human life / 25
II.2. Historical roads, settlement of villages, documentary attestation and possible etymological origin / 30
II.2.1. Historical roads / 30
II.2.2. Settlement of villages / 31
II.2.3. Major toponymy. Some considerations regarding the formation of villages, documentary attestation and possible etymological origin / 32
II.2.4. Moving villages “to the line” / 36
II.2.5. Minor toponymy of the locality / 37
II.3. Villages and estates of the commune in the documents of the time / 40
II.4. Participation of the inhabitants in the major events of the country / 67
II.4.1. War of Independence (1877-1878) / 67
II.4.2. Peasant uprising of 1907 / 67
II.4.3. Balkan Wars / 73
II.4.4. World War I (1916-1919) / 75
II.4.5. World War II (1941-1945) / 92
II.4.6. Romanian Revolution of December 1989 / 106
Chapter III. Demographic evolution and administrative divisions / 107
III.1. Demographic evolution / 107
III.1.1. Some data regarding the origin of the inhabitants / 107
III.1.1.1. Roma (Gypsies) / 109
III.1.2. Family names and personal names / 111
III.1.2.1. Names taken from "Mitrice" / 112
III.2. Administrative divisions over time / 124
Chapter IV. Economy /129
IV.1. Traditional crafts practiced on the territory of Olanu commune /129
IV.2. Agriculture / 133
IV.3. Commerce / 159
IV.4. Banks / 163
IV.4.1. Cooperative Bank / 163
IV.4.2. House of Savings and Records (CEC) / 164
IV.5. Navigation on the Olt River / 165
IV.5.1. Rafting on the Olt / 167
IV.5.2. Commercial companies in which rafters from Olanu also worked / 168
IV.5.3. From the rafters' memories / 170
Chapter V. Education / 175
V.1. General data / 175
V.2. Establishment and operation of schools on the territory of Olanu commune / 180
V.2.1. Own school premises / 182
V.2.2. Documents regarding the school and the school library / 184
V.2.3. Teaching staff who taught at schools in Olanu commune / 216
V.2.4. The school in memory of elderly residents / 222
Chapter VI. Cultural life / 231
VI.1. Cultural center / 231
VI.2. Library / 234
VI.3. Ethno-folkloric framework / 236
VI.3.1. Peasant household / 236
VI.3.2. Clothing – folk costume / 242
VI.4. Customs related to life and death / 244
VI.4.1. Customs at birth / 244
VI.4.2. Wedding customs / 245
VI.4.3. Customs at death / 250
VI.5. Religious and secular customs throughout the year / 232
VI.5.1. Carols / 258
VI.6. Superstitions and customs / 268
VI.6.1. Chants / 268
VI.6.2. Superstitions, omens, prayers and incantations / 272
VI.7. Facts, memories and legends from the world collected and ’back to the world
given / 273
Chapter VII. Religious life / 289
VII.1. The former monastic domain on the territory of Olanu commune / 289
VII.2. Parishes, churches and servants / 290
VII.2.1. Casa Veche Parish / 291
VII.2.2. Alba I Parish – Olanu / 309
VII.2.3. Alba II Parish – Olanu / 329
Chapter VIII. Health care / 369
VIII.1. Human dispensary / 369
VIII.2. Veterinary dispensary / 371
Chapter IX. Personalities / 373
Bibliography / 385
Abbreviations / 389
Chapter I. General data / Natural setting / 13
I.1. General data / 13
I.1.1. Settlement, neighbors / 13
I.1.2. Component villages, access roads, surface, population, occupation of inhabitants / 13
I.2. Natural setting / 14
I.2.1. Relief / 14
I.2.2. Climate / 14
I.2.3. Soils / 15
I.2.4. Hydrographic network / 15
I.2.5. Flora / 16
I.2.6. Fauna / 19
Chapter II. History / 25
II.1. Material traces discovered on the territory of the locality / 25
II.1.1. Prehistoric evidence / 25
II.1.2. Evidence of human life / 25
II.2. Historical roads, settlement of villages, documentary attestation and possible etymological origin / 30
II.2.1. Historical roads / 30
II.2.2. Settlement of villages / 31
II.2.3. Major toponymy. Some considerations regarding the formation of villages, documentary attestation and possible etymological origin / 32
II.2.4. Moving villages “to the line” / 36
II.2.5. Minor toponymy of the locality / 37
II.3. Villages and estates of the commune in the documents of the time / 40
II.4. Participation of the inhabitants in the major events of the country / 67
II.4.1. War of Independence (1877-1878) / 67
II.4.2. Peasant uprising of 1907 / 67
II.4.3. Balkan Wars / 73
II.4.4. World War I (1916-1919) / 75
II.4.5. World War II (1941-1945) / 92
II.4.6. Romanian Revolution of December 1989 / 106
Chapter III. Demographic evolution and administrative divisions / 107
III.1. Demographic evolution / 107
III.1.1. Some data regarding the origin of the inhabitants / 107
III.1.1.1. Roma (Gypsies) / 109
III.1.2. Family names and personal names / 111
III.1.2.1. Names taken from "Mitrice" / 112
III.2. Administrative divisions over time / 124
Chapter IV. Economy /129
IV.1. Traditional crafts practiced on the territory of Olanu commune /129
IV.2. Agriculture / 133
IV.3. Commerce / 159
IV.4. Banks / 163
IV.4.1. Cooperative Bank / 163
IV.4.2. House of Savings and Records (CEC) / 164
IV.5. Navigation on the Olt River / 165
IV.5.1. Rafting on the Olt / 167
IV.5.2. Commercial companies in which rafters from Olanu also worked / 168
IV.5.3. From the rafters' memories / 170
Chapter V. Education / 175
V.1. General data / 175
V.2. Establishment and operation of schools on the territory of Olanu commune / 180
V.2.1. Own school premises / 182
V.2.2. Documents regarding the school and the school library / 184
V.2.3. Teaching staff who taught at schools in Olanu commune / 216
V.2.4. The school in memory of elderly residents / 222
Chapter VI. Cultural life / 231
VI.1. Cultural center / 231
VI.2. Library / 234
VI.3. Ethno-folkloric framework / 236
VI.3.1. Peasant household / 236
VI.3.2. Clothing – folk costume / 242
VI.4. Customs related to life and death / 244
VI.4.1. Customs at birth / 244
VI.4.2. Wedding customs / 245
VI.4.3. Customs at death / 250
VI.5. Religious and secular customs throughout the year / 232
VI.5.1. Carols / 258
VI.6. Superstitions and customs / 268
VI.6.1. Chants / 268
VI.6.2. Superstitions, omens, prayers and incantations / 272
VI.7. Facts, memories and legends from the world collected and ’back to the world
given / 273
Chapter VII. Religious life / 289
VII.1. The former monastic domain on the territory of Olanu commune / 289
VII.2. Parishes, churches and servants / 290
VII.2.1. Casa Veche Parish / 291
VII.2.2. Alba I Parish – Olanu / 309
VII.2.3. Alba II Parish – Olanu / 329
Chapter VIII. Health care / 369
VIII.1. Human dispensary / 369
VIII.2. Veterinary dispensary / 371
Chapter IX. Personalities / 373
Bibliography / 385
Abbreviations / 389
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