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Introduction to neurology for students and physiotherapists
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Publisher: Editura Universitară
Author: Antonia Ioana Vasile
Edition: I
Pages: 202
Publisher year: 2025
ISBN: 978-606-28-1996-5
DOI: 10.5682/9786062819965
Product Code:
9786062819965
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Foreword /5
Chapter 1. Anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system. The brain/11
1.1. Classification of the nervous system/11
1.2. The neuron/15
1.3. Chemical mediators of the nervous system / 18
1.4. The brainstem and cranial nerves /23
1.5. The cerebellum/31
1.6. The cerebral hemispheres / 35
1.7. The cortical areas/37
1.8. The descending pathways/41
1.9. The thalamus and the basal nuclei/43
1.10. The arterial vascularization of the brain/46
Chapter 2. Anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system. Spinal cord/51
2.1. Spinal cord/51
2.2. Spinal nerve/ 56
2.3. Spinal reflexes/58
Chapter 3. Clinical examination of the neurological patient/69
3.1. Anamnesis/69
3.2. Neurological examination/73
3.2.1. Body attitude/73
3.2.2. Active motility and involuntary movements/ 77
3.2.2.1. Examination of voluntary motility/ 79
3.2.2.2. Involuntary movements/82
3.2.3. Muscle tone/85
3.2.4. Examination of osteotendinous reflexes and cutaneous reflexes/88
3.2.5. Subjective and objective sensitivity/90
3.2.6. Coordination of movements/ 96
3.2.7. Static balance examination and gait examination / 98
Chapter 4. Central Motor Neuron Syndrome. Stroke/105
4.1. Central Motor Neuron Syndrome /105
4.2. Definition and Classification of Stroke /106
4.3. Symptoms of Stroke /108
4.4. Treatment of Ischemic Stroke/113
4.5. Transient Ischemic Attack /115
4.6. Cerebral Hemorrhage /115
4.7. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage /117
4.8. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis /119
4.9. Recovery in Stroke /121
4.10. Functional Assessment and Kinetic Treatment of Hemiplegics /125
4.10.1. Recovery of Motor Deficit /126
4.10.2. Recovery of Motor Tone /131
4.10.3. Coordination recovery /135
4.10.4. Sensitivity recovery /135
4.10.5. Comorbidities of the hemiplegic patient /136
4.10.6. Sphincter function recovery /137
4.10.7. Social balance of the hemiplegic /137
4.10.8. Orthopedic balance of the hemiplegic /139
4.10.9. Medical recovery of stroke by phases /140
Chapter 5. Peripheral Motor Neuron Syndrome. Mononeuropathies/149
5.1. Peripheral Motor Neuron Syndrome /149
5.2. Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus/ 150
5.3. Neuropathies of the Brachial Plexus/ 152
5.3.1. Upper Brachial Plexus Involvement: Erb's Palsy/ 152
5.3.2. Upper Brachial Plexus Involvement: Burner-Stinger Syndrome/153
5.3.3. Upper Brachial Plexus Involvement: Backpack Brachial Plexopathy/153
5.3.4. Lower Brachial Plexus Involvement: Klumpke's Palsy/154
5.3.5. Entire Brachial Plexus Involvement/ 155
5.3.6. Median Nerve Neuropathy/156
5.3.7. Carpal tunnel syndrome/157
5.3.8. Ulnar nerve neuropathy/157
5.3.9. Radial nerve neuropathy/158
5.4. Anatomy of the lumbosacral plexus /159
5.5. Neuropathies of the lumbosacral plexus/161
5.5.1. Obturator nerve paresis/161
5.5.2. Femoral nerve paresis/161
5.5.3. Sciatic nerve paresis /162
5.5.4. Common peroneal nerve paresis/162
5.5.5. Tibial nerve paresis/162
5.5.6. Tarsal tunnel syndrome/162
5.6. Recovery in peripheral motor neuron syndromes/163
Chapter 6. Craniocerebral and spinal cord injuries/165
6.1. Craniocerebral traumatology /165
6.2. Spinal traumatology /167
6.3. Recovery in paraplegia /170
Chapter 7. Parkinson's disease /175
7.1. Definition and etiology of Parkinson's disease /175
7.2. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease /176
7.3. Evaluation of the patient with Parkinson's disease /179
7.4. Recovery in Parkinson's disease /181
Chapter 8. Multiple sclerosis /189
8.1. Definition and etiology of multiple sclerosis /189
8.2. Symptoms of multiple sclerosis/ 191
8.3. Drug treatment in multiple sclerosis /194
8.4. Evaluation of the patient with multiple sclerosis/ 194
8.5. Recovery of the patient with multiple sclerosis /196
Bibliography / 201
Chapter 1. Anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system. The brain/11
1.1. Classification of the nervous system/11
1.2. The neuron/15
1.3. Chemical mediators of the nervous system / 18
1.4. The brainstem and cranial nerves /23
1.5. The cerebellum/31
1.6. The cerebral hemispheres / 35
1.7. The cortical areas/37
1.8. The descending pathways/41
1.9. The thalamus and the basal nuclei/43
1.10. The arterial vascularization of the brain/46
Chapter 2. Anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system. Spinal cord/51
2.1. Spinal cord/51
2.2. Spinal nerve/ 56
2.3. Spinal reflexes/58
Chapter 3. Clinical examination of the neurological patient/69
3.1. Anamnesis/69
3.2. Neurological examination/73
3.2.1. Body attitude/73
3.2.2. Active motility and involuntary movements/ 77
3.2.2.1. Examination of voluntary motility/ 79
3.2.2.2. Involuntary movements/82
3.2.3. Muscle tone/85
3.2.4. Examination of osteotendinous reflexes and cutaneous reflexes/88
3.2.5. Subjective and objective sensitivity/90
3.2.6. Coordination of movements/ 96
3.2.7. Static balance examination and gait examination / 98
Chapter 4. Central Motor Neuron Syndrome. Stroke/105
4.1. Central Motor Neuron Syndrome /105
4.2. Definition and Classification of Stroke /106
4.3. Symptoms of Stroke /108
4.4. Treatment of Ischemic Stroke/113
4.5. Transient Ischemic Attack /115
4.6. Cerebral Hemorrhage /115
4.7. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage /117
4.8. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis /119
4.9. Recovery in Stroke /121
4.10. Functional Assessment and Kinetic Treatment of Hemiplegics /125
4.10.1. Recovery of Motor Deficit /126
4.10.2. Recovery of Motor Tone /131
4.10.3. Coordination recovery /135
4.10.4. Sensitivity recovery /135
4.10.5. Comorbidities of the hemiplegic patient /136
4.10.6. Sphincter function recovery /137
4.10.7. Social balance of the hemiplegic /137
4.10.8. Orthopedic balance of the hemiplegic /139
4.10.9. Medical recovery of stroke by phases /140
Chapter 5. Peripheral Motor Neuron Syndrome. Mononeuropathies/149
5.1. Peripheral Motor Neuron Syndrome /149
5.2. Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus/ 150
5.3. Neuropathies of the Brachial Plexus/ 152
5.3.1. Upper Brachial Plexus Involvement: Erb's Palsy/ 152
5.3.2. Upper Brachial Plexus Involvement: Burner-Stinger Syndrome/153
5.3.3. Upper Brachial Plexus Involvement: Backpack Brachial Plexopathy/153
5.3.4. Lower Brachial Plexus Involvement: Klumpke's Palsy/154
5.3.5. Entire Brachial Plexus Involvement/ 155
5.3.6. Median Nerve Neuropathy/156
5.3.7. Carpal tunnel syndrome/157
5.3.8. Ulnar nerve neuropathy/157
5.3.9. Radial nerve neuropathy/158
5.4. Anatomy of the lumbosacral plexus /159
5.5. Neuropathies of the lumbosacral plexus/161
5.5.1. Obturator nerve paresis/161
5.5.2. Femoral nerve paresis/161
5.5.3. Sciatic nerve paresis /162
5.5.4. Common peroneal nerve paresis/162
5.5.5. Tibial nerve paresis/162
5.5.6. Tarsal tunnel syndrome/162
5.6. Recovery in peripheral motor neuron syndromes/163
Chapter 6. Craniocerebral and spinal cord injuries/165
6.1. Craniocerebral traumatology /165
6.2. Spinal traumatology /167
6.3. Recovery in paraplegia /170
Chapter 7. Parkinson's disease /175
7.1. Definition and etiology of Parkinson's disease /175
7.2. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease /176
7.3. Evaluation of the patient with Parkinson's disease /179
7.4. Recovery in Parkinson's disease /181
Chapter 8. Multiple sclerosis /189
8.1. Definition and etiology of multiple sclerosis /189
8.2. Symptoms of multiple sclerosis/ 191
8.3. Drug treatment in multiple sclerosis /194
8.4. Evaluation of the patient with multiple sclerosis/ 194
8.5. Recovery of the patient with multiple sclerosis /196
Bibliography / 201
This book aims to detail the basic knowledge of clinical neurology. It becomes a useful tool for students of general medicine faculties, but also for students of physiotherapy faculties because it presents the main neurological conditions that general practitioners and physiotherapists may encounter in their daily practice.
In this manual, we have provided students with theoretical and practical training for the main conditions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, with the aim of understanding the mechanisms that underlie them in order to apply recovery methods in the acute and chronic treatment of these patients.
This manual presents the basic concepts of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, the presentation of the neurological clinical examination, along with the main neurological diseases (stroke, mononeuropathies, craniocerebral and spinal cord injuries, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis) with an emphasis on the signs, symptoms, clinical diagnosis and recovery treatment of these patients.
This book was written with the aim of providing an overview of the neurological patient and the therapeutic management of neurological pathologies. I have tried to structure information from the medical literature on anatomy, physiology, neurology, physical medicine and recovery, but also the physiotherapy perspective. In these patients with chronic diseases, the perspective and influence that the physiotherapist has can be more valuable than that of the doctor, as it involves a much longer-term alliance in the recovery process.
Physical therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of patients with neurological conditions, both in the acute period of the disease and in the period of sequelae. The physical therapist must be able to assess neurological deficits in order to choose the most effective technical procedures for the treatment of these patients.
In this manual, we have provided students with theoretical and practical training for the main conditions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, with the aim of understanding the mechanisms that underlie them in order to apply recovery methods in the acute and chronic treatment of these patients.
This manual presents the basic concepts of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, the presentation of the neurological clinical examination, along with the main neurological diseases (stroke, mononeuropathies, craniocerebral and spinal cord injuries, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis) with an emphasis on the signs, symptoms, clinical diagnosis and recovery treatment of these patients.
This book was written with the aim of providing an overview of the neurological patient and the therapeutic management of neurological pathologies. I have tried to structure information from the medical literature on anatomy, physiology, neurology, physical medicine and recovery, but also the physiotherapy perspective. In these patients with chronic diseases, the perspective and influence that the physiotherapist has can be more valuable than that of the doctor, as it involves a much longer-term alliance in the recovery process.
Physical therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of patients with neurological conditions, both in the acute period of the disease and in the period of sequelae. The physical therapist must be able to assess neurological deficits in order to choose the most effective technical procedures for the treatment of these patients.
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