Questions like "What is consciousness?" "Is there consciousness without material support?" they were present in people's minds since the beginning of their existence and they were transposed into stories, traditions, myths and later into philosophy. In the last century, the respective subjects became concerns of psychology, and more recently, of neuroscience, this new field of science that tries to decipher the mystery of consciousness. And in recent years, Artificial Intelligence has entered this carousel of human knowledge.
The author, without trying to offer his own answer to this issue of consciousness, mentions the multitude of opinions expressed by philosophers, psychologists, neuropsychologists or by pioneers of Artificial Intelligence. In this sense, we are offered multidimensional information, starting from etymology, passing through philosophical and psychological concepts and ending with arguments specific to the neurosciences.
If we refer to the etymology, consciousness appears to us as rather consciousness, a concept that refers to that property of evolved biological systems to adapt, to have an optimal response to environmental challenges, stimuli, whatever it may be: chemical , biological, meaning the one that refers to survival, but also the social one that refers to existence, being. We realize that we exist.
Consciousness, in the sense mentioned in the work, also has a dimension that transcends the individual, having metaphysical connotations, thus going beyond the boundaries of concrete reality.
Can consciousness exist without material, biological support? Neuroscience, using the technological evolution that allows the evaluation and measurement of brain activity at a level that can highlight the activity of even a single neuron, inclines to consider consciousness as an epiphenomenon, emergent of neural activity, mediated by the so-called neural correlates of consciousness. Consciousness would be a result of the dynamics of neural networks without which it would not exist. Therefore, it has a material, biological substrate and cannot manifest itself without it. It's a reductionist point of view.
Psychology, for its part, has tried since its modern beginnings (James, Freud, Jung) to offer a conceptual framework to elucidate the "mystery of consciousness". Countless concepts have been created or taken from other fields such as philosophy or religion to provide a fully accepted answer to the mentioned questions. No single disciplinary perspective and no single concept can tell the whole story about human nature and social dynamics. The research methods of psychology are also reductive and do not focus on the problem of consciousness, a fact recognized by most researchers in the field of psychology. As a result of this fact, the psychological perspective has an explanatory gap because the examination of behavioral mechanisms proves useful for a large number of problems, but not for the problem of consciousness.
Lately, theories and models about consciousness have aggregated knowledge from fields such as mathematics or cybernetics, in the hope of providing a theoretical framework verifiable through experiment, for the difficult problem of consciousness. However, the concept still escapes understanding, theoretical formalization, still remaining a mystery, which may be explained...
Univ. Prof. Dr. Irina Holdevici