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Freemasonry and the Horea myth. In the shadow of a mystified document
![Freemasonry and the Horea myth. In the shadow of a mystified document [1]](https://gomagcdn.ro/domains/editurauniversitara.ro/files/product/original/francmasoneria-si-mitul-horea-in-umbra-unui-document-mistificat-846564.png "Freemasonry and the Horea myth. In the shadow of a mystified document [1]")
Publisher: Editura Universitară
Author: Gheorghe Bichicean
Edition: I
Pages: 212
Publisher year: 2023
ISBN: 978-606-28-1578-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5682/9786062815783
Product Code:
9786062815783
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FOREWORD / 9
INTEREST IN MYTH AND HISTORY-MYTH / 11
HISTORICAL CONTEXT. THE GRAND PRINCIPALITY OF TRANSYLVANIA / 33
From the Haller Treaty to the Subjugation of Transylvania/ 33
Maria Theresa's Reforms and the Enlightened Absolutism of Joseph II. The State of the Romanians / 38
LODGES, CHARACTERS, FREEMASONRY / 50
Zur Wahren Eintracht Lodge / From the True Concorde. Shaping the "Horea Myth" / 50
Great Freemasons around Horea / 59
CONTROVERSIAL FREEMASONIC CONNECTIONS IN VIENNA AND THE "BROTHERS OF THE CROSS" / 76
Brotherhoods. An Incursion into Tradition / 76
The Society of Brothers of the Cross in Vienna. Alleged Freemasonic Connections / 83
A DEBUTABLE CALL FOR REVOLT / 91
Travels to Vienna/ 91
Revolt with the Emperor’s Consent? The Importance of the Letter from the Nobleman Ribiczei / 93
“MYSTERIOUS” CHARACTERS NEAR HOREA. SALIS AND POPESCU/ 100
Salis/ 101
A First Confusion: Salis vs Balsamo / Cagliostro/ 109
A Second Confusion: Salis vs Salins / 114
Nuances Regarding the Enigmatic Characters / 124
MYTH AS A FOOTNOTE. DOCUMENT OF THE VIENNA LODGE ZUR WAHREN EINTRACHT OF FEBRUARY 23, 1783/ 129
The Viennese Agape and the Characters/ 129
Horea in the Image of Myth / 129
The “Von Born” Argument / 133
From the Horea Myth to Vasile Balș, an Erroneous Substitution / 144
Criticism of the Interpretation of the Toast / 153
ON THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION/ 158
The Arrest of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan / 158
Freemasons Pierre Brissot de Warville and Martin Hochmeister in Defense of Horea/ 162
The Fragendos Wheel, Masonic Punishment? / 167
The Uprising, a Masonic Experiment? / 171
Another Curious Interpretation. The Gold of the Motes and the French Revolution / 174
FROM AN OLD PREFACE/ 177
… AND AN EVEN CURRENT AFTERWORD / 178
BIBLIOGRAPHY/ 180
APPENDIXES/ 201
INTEREST IN MYTH AND HISTORY-MYTH / 11
HISTORICAL CONTEXT. THE GRAND PRINCIPALITY OF TRANSYLVANIA / 33
From the Haller Treaty to the Subjugation of Transylvania/ 33
Maria Theresa's Reforms and the Enlightened Absolutism of Joseph II. The State of the Romanians / 38
LODGES, CHARACTERS, FREEMASONRY / 50
Zur Wahren Eintracht Lodge / From the True Concorde. Shaping the "Horea Myth" / 50
Great Freemasons around Horea / 59
CONTROVERSIAL FREEMASONIC CONNECTIONS IN VIENNA AND THE "BROTHERS OF THE CROSS" / 76
Brotherhoods. An Incursion into Tradition / 76
The Society of Brothers of the Cross in Vienna. Alleged Freemasonic Connections / 83
A DEBUTABLE CALL FOR REVOLT / 91
Travels to Vienna/ 91
Revolt with the Emperor’s Consent? The Importance of the Letter from the Nobleman Ribiczei / 93
“MYSTERIOUS” CHARACTERS NEAR HOREA. SALIS AND POPESCU/ 100
Salis/ 101
A First Confusion: Salis vs Balsamo / Cagliostro/ 109
A Second Confusion: Salis vs Salins / 114
Nuances Regarding the Enigmatic Characters / 124
MYTH AS A FOOTNOTE. DOCUMENT OF THE VIENNA LODGE ZUR WAHREN EINTRACHT OF FEBRUARY 23, 1783/ 129
The Viennese Agape and the Characters/ 129
Horea in the Image of Myth / 129
The “Von Born” Argument / 133
From the Horea Myth to Vasile Balș, an Erroneous Substitution / 144
Criticism of the Interpretation of the Toast / 153
ON THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION/ 158
The Arrest of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan / 158
Freemasons Pierre Brissot de Warville and Martin Hochmeister in Defense of Horea/ 162
The Fragendos Wheel, Masonic Punishment? / 167
The Uprising, a Masonic Experiment? / 171
Another Curious Interpretation. The Gold of the Motes and the French Revolution / 174
FROM AN OLD PREFACE/ 177
… AND AN EVEN CURRENT AFTERWORD / 178
BIBLIOGRAPHY/ 180
APPENDIXES/ 201
This book materializes the revival of a privileged subject for me, out of the desire to speak more forcefully a truth about Horea, our national hero, which many people do not want to hear, preferring the legends and myths related to his alleged membership in Freemasonry. I said it is a "revival" because it is based on the book written in 2015, entitled "Horea. Controversies and Reality" and, subsequently, broadening the area of research, a sequence of the book "Freemasonry in Romania. The Founding Myth" (Armanis, 2022). Why? Because in recent historical writings the "subject" Horea, as a presence in the agape of the Viennese Lodge De la vrai Concorde / Zur wahren Eintracht of February 23, 1783, has been replaced by the freemason Vasile Balș, certainly a member of this Lodge. Shifting the center of gravity of the research to a character other than Horea could only cause further confusion.
If in many of his denials Lucian Boia can be subjected to severe criticism, regarding his assertion that "history must be demystified and judged lucidly"1, it is a correct assessment. The shadow of the mystified (altered, distorted) document has encompassed a series of writings in its cone, managing to mislead and distort reality through the truncated presentation and misinterpretation of the document of the Lodge De la vrai Concorde of February 23, 1783. It is also the effect of the ignorance of Masonic rituals, of the general misunderstanding of the "Masonic phenomenon" that encompassed not only Europe, but the entire world starting with the 18th century. Research into the documents of the Vienna Lodge from the Austrian State Archive has allowed the clarification of this great "mystery" that has become a true myth, and I allow myself to appreciate that forever. Sine ira et studio (Tacitus)
If in many of his denials Lucian Boia can be subjected to severe criticism, regarding his assertion that "history must be demystified and judged lucidly"1, it is a correct assessment. The shadow of the mystified (altered, distorted) document has encompassed a series of writings in its cone, managing to mislead and distort reality through the truncated presentation and misinterpretation of the document of the Lodge De la vrai Concorde of February 23, 1783. It is also the effect of the ignorance of Masonic rituals, of the general misunderstanding of the "Masonic phenomenon" that encompassed not only Europe, but the entire world starting with the 18th century. Research into the documents of the Vienna Lodge from the Austrian State Archive has allowed the clarification of this great "mystery" that has become a true myth, and I allow myself to appreciate that forever. Sine ira et studio (Tacitus)
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