Natural factors of risk in tourist activity

CONTENTS


1. GENERAL / 5

2. Interactions between human body and ENVIRONMENT / 8
2.1. Modes of interaction / 8
2.1.1. Protection mechanisms / 8
2.1.2. Stress / 9
2.1.3. Thermoregulation / 12
2.2. The effects of natural factors on health / 15
2.2.1. Air ionization / 15
2.2.2. Carbon dioxide / 16
2.2.3. Solar radiation / 18
2.2.4. Atmospheric humidity / 22
2.2.5. Dust / 25
2.2.6. Allergens / 26
2.2.7. Atmospheric circulation / 27
2.2.8. Atmospheric pressure. Altitude sickness / 35
2.2.9. Water. Recreational diving / 39

3. HAZARD CLIMATE / 43
3.1. Waves of cold / 43
3.2. Blizzard / 47
3.3. Heat waves / 48
3.4. Drought / 50
3.5. Orajele (electrical discharges in the atmosphere) / 50
3.6. Tropical cyclones / 52
3.7. Tornadoes / 55
3.8. Hail / 57

4. HAZARD HYDROLOGY / 58
4.1. Floods / 58
4.2. Trombele water / 65
4.3. Tsunami / 65

5. HAZARD Geomorphology / 67
5.1. Avalanches / 67
5.1.1. Formation of avalanches / 72
5.1.2. Measures to prevent accidents
the avalanche and rescue of victims / 72
5.2. Crevices in the ice / 75
5.3. Field trips / 78
5.3.1. Landslide / 78
5.3.2. Flow muddy / 80
5.3.3. Collapse / 81
5.3.4. Complex field trips / 84

6. GEOLOGICAL HAZARD / 85
6.1. Earthquakes / 85
6.2. Volcanic eruptions / 92
6.2.1. Mode of manifestation / 92
6.2.2. Large volcanic eruptions / 94
6.2.3. Tourism in areas affected by volcanic activity / 99

7. Biological Hazards / 102
7.1. Mushroom poisoning or toxic herbs / 102
7.2. Animal species that can inoculate venom / 105
7.2.1. Aquatic animals equipped with venom / 105
7.2.2. Venomous terrestrial invertebrates / 109
7.2.3. Poisonous snakes / 111
7.3. Animal Attacks / 117
7.4. Pathogens / 120
7.4.1. Air-borne pathogens / 120
7.4.2. Pathogens that are transmitted through
through water or food contaminated / 122
7.4.3. Animal-borne pathogens / 125

8. Measures to prevent or limit the effects of natural hazards RISKS AND / 132

REFERENCES / 139