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Byzantium and Medieval Europe
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Publisher: Editura Universitară
Author: Constantin Claudiu Cotan
Edition: I
Pages: 330
Publisher year: 2025
ISBN: 978-606-28-1912-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5682/9786062819125
Product Code:
9786062819125
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Introduction/7
The Byzantine Empire in the 11th/10th century
Byzantines and Russians/20
The Bulgarians and the Byzantine Empire/30
Church life and Byzantine society/45
Personalities of Byzantine spirituality/48
Byzantine monasticism/90
The organization of monasticism/123
Byzantine monasteries/135
1. Testament of Patriarch Euthymius of Constantinople/139
2. Saint John of Rila and its foundation/141
3. Mount Athos and its monasteries/145
4. Mihail Attaleiates and his tipikon/157
5. Nikon's Rule of the Black Mountain/162
6. John Xenos and his founders from the island of Crete/166
7. Typikon of the Monastery of the Mother of God Everghetis /169
8. Typikon of Grigore Pakourianos/171
9. Typikon of the Monastery of Saint John the Theologian in Patmos/172
10. Saint Lazar the Galesiot/175
11. Typikon of the Monastery of Christ the Redeemer (San Salvatore) in Messina/177
12. Typikon of empress Irina Comnena/180
13. Typikon of the Monastery of Christ Pantocrator/184
14. The typikon of the sebastokrator Isaac Comnenus for the Monastery of the Mother of God Kosmosoteira/188
Byzantine spirituality from Sicily and Southern Italy/192
Medieval England and church life/216
The Normans in Italy and Sicily/236
Constantinople and the Western world/242
The monastic life between the West and the East/249
The Church Schism of 1054/257
Reform of the papacy from the 11th century/263
Western monasticism/279
People of the Church /282
The papacy at the end of the 11th century/297
First Crusade (1096 1099) /303
Bibliography/306
The Byzantine Empire in the 11th/10th century
Byzantines and Russians/20
The Bulgarians and the Byzantine Empire/30
Church life and Byzantine society/45
Personalities of Byzantine spirituality/48
Byzantine monasticism/90
The organization of monasticism/123
Byzantine monasteries/135
1. Testament of Patriarch Euthymius of Constantinople/139
2. Saint John of Rila and its foundation/141
3. Mount Athos and its monasteries/145
4. Mihail Attaleiates and his tipikon/157
5. Nikon's Rule of the Black Mountain/162
6. John Xenos and his founders from the island of Crete/166
7. Typikon of the Monastery of the Mother of God Everghetis /169
8. Typikon of Grigore Pakourianos/171
9. Typikon of the Monastery of Saint John the Theologian in Patmos/172
10. Saint Lazar the Galesiot/175
11. Typikon of the Monastery of Christ the Redeemer (San Salvatore) in Messina/177
12. Typikon of empress Irina Comnena/180
13. Typikon of the Monastery of Christ Pantocrator/184
14. The typikon of the sebastokrator Isaac Comnenus for the Monastery of the Mother of God Kosmosoteira/188
Byzantine spirituality from Sicily and Southern Italy/192
Medieval England and church life/216
The Normans in Italy and Sicily/236
Constantinople and the Western world/242
The monastic life between the West and the East/249
The Church Schism of 1054/257
Reform of the papacy from the 11th century/263
Western monasticism/279
People of the Church /282
The papacy at the end of the 11th century/297
First Crusade (1096 1099) /303
Bibliography/306
The historical events that took place throughout the 11th century marked Europe for centuries, and some of them are still felt today. On the one hand, we have a Europe that is beginning to take shape in forms that resemble those of today through the process of state centralization, but we also have a Byzantine Empire that is struggling for its own existence. The threats from the borders are serious. The Bulgarians rule the Balkans, coveting the Byzantine territories, and the Seljuk Turks bravely crossed the borders of the empire, conquering territories from which they will never leave. From the East rises the power of the Russians, that of the newly baptized in the Byzantine tradition, who begin to call out their own claims, confidently stepping up to the walls of Constantinople. The city coveted by all, the capital of the empire, is a wonder for the European peoples. With strong walls built by Theodosius the Great and always consolidated and strengthened, with great churches like no one had seen before, with shining palaces, with sumptuous ceremonies and with religious services performed in the greatest splendor, Constantinople was the most beautiful and rich city from the world.
However, the empire lost the vigor of the previous centuries, entering the 11th century without courage, led by two empresses unprepared for the great challenges, with bad governance, with large and unnecessary expenses, with an increasingly reduced and poorly paid army, with a nobility dominated by the spirit of enrichment and the desire for power, which slowly but surely crushed the Byzantine society. Suddenly the nobility, the big landowners entered into competition with the military leaders. The growing seizure of estates means a growing weakening of the army, especially of the border. This explains the ease with which the enemies from outside crossed into the Byzantine territories. When the big landowners won the dispute, the Byzantine Empire collapsed. The reign of the Comnenians prolonged the existence of Byzantium for three centuries.
The 11th century produced changes in Western Europe. The Normans conquered England, but they also settled in southern Italy and Sicily, where they came into conflict with the Arabs and in competition with the Byzantines. In Rome, the pope is trying to change a series of practices that did not honor the Latin clergy, simony and concubinage, through the struggle to reform the Church. But Rome also fought with the great political powers, especially with the German emperor Henry IV in the matter of investiture. For Pope Gregory VII, the priesthood is above the empire, so the pope is above all kings. A hard fight ended later through compromises.
Both in the East and in the West a spirit of the renewal of the monastic life is felt. The great monasteries are starting a real reform of the renewal, in search of an authentic monastic life. In the Byzantine Empire, we have different forms of organization of monasteries according to the rules left by the founders, who try to draw the right path for the monks who spend their lives in the holy places, looking for peace and prayer. And the Latins seek the same thing through the monastic orders established to strengthen the mission of the Church in the world. All these do not happen by themselves, but through the efforts of exceptional people, great theologians but also great organizers of church life. They are the ones who best combined prayer with fasting and work with struggle for a strong Church.
However, the empire lost the vigor of the previous centuries, entering the 11th century without courage, led by two empresses unprepared for the great challenges, with bad governance, with large and unnecessary expenses, with an increasingly reduced and poorly paid army, with a nobility dominated by the spirit of enrichment and the desire for power, which slowly but surely crushed the Byzantine society. Suddenly the nobility, the big landowners entered into competition with the military leaders. The growing seizure of estates means a growing weakening of the army, especially of the border. This explains the ease with which the enemies from outside crossed into the Byzantine territories. When the big landowners won the dispute, the Byzantine Empire collapsed. The reign of the Comnenians prolonged the existence of Byzantium for three centuries.
The 11th century produced changes in Western Europe. The Normans conquered England, but they also settled in southern Italy and Sicily, where they came into conflict with the Arabs and in competition with the Byzantines. In Rome, the pope is trying to change a series of practices that did not honor the Latin clergy, simony and concubinage, through the struggle to reform the Church. But Rome also fought with the great political powers, especially with the German emperor Henry IV in the matter of investiture. For Pope Gregory VII, the priesthood is above the empire, so the pope is above all kings. A hard fight ended later through compromises.
Both in the East and in the West a spirit of the renewal of the monastic life is felt. The great monasteries are starting a real reform of the renewal, in search of an authentic monastic life. In the Byzantine Empire, we have different forms of organization of monasteries according to the rules left by the founders, who try to draw the right path for the monks who spend their lives in the holy places, looking for peace and prayer. And the Latins seek the same thing through the monastic orders established to strengthen the mission of the Church in the world. All these do not happen by themselves, but through the efforts of exceptional people, great theologians but also great organizers of church life. They are the ones who best combined prayer with fasting and work with struggle for a strong Church.
Pr. Constantin Claudiu Cotan,
Bucuresti, 2024
Bucuresti, 2024
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