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Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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ISBN: 978-606-28-1399-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5682/9786062813994
Publisher year: 2022
Edition: I
Pages: 276
Publisher: Editura Universitara
Author: Marius Cătălin Mitrea
Product Code:
9786062813994
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A book in Romanian about the history and actuality of the Sovereign Order of Malta has long been needed. Among the many reasons, I would mention, first of all, the diplomatic relations with Romania, started at Legation level in 1932-1933, the first representative of the Order being Count Marie Henry Thierry Michel de Pierredon, and of Romania, Prince Dimitrie Ghika, personality from the gallery our great diplomats. Relations were suspended after the communist regime was installed, without being denounced by either side, and resumed at the Embassy level on May 24, 1991. Beyond the historical prestige of the figures who initially participated in the creation of these bridges, which fully legitimizes The approach of this book is the very substance of the Order's activity in the field of humanitarian diplomacy and, in particular, through the Maltese Aid Service, founded in Romania in 1991, a real volunteer school to help those in need. Also, such a book is welcome because it can dispel for an honest reader the rumors and confusions that did not delay to appear in our country, bringing undue image damage to the Sovereign Order of Malta or completely diverting attention from its social activity to phantasmagoric matters concerning knights and secrets.
Mr. Marius Catalin Mitrea and proposed to offer Romanian readers a historical synthesis, starting from world-famous books, such as that of Bertrand Galimard Flavigny, and especially a detailed presentation of the topicality of the Order as a subject of international law and Maltese Aid Service. The evolution of the Order for almost a millennium is closely followed in its essential articulations, from the hospitable knights of "St. John", so named in honor of St. John the Baptist, to today's members of the Sovereign Order of Malta, going through the stages that have as symbolic places Rhodes, Malta, Rome. The unifying thread of such a history that overlaps with Western Christian civilization, bordering on other cultures and civilizations, remains the spirit of chivalrous nobility and sacrifice in favor of the defenseless and the means of subsistence. This spirit traverses, during successive settlements, the constitutional charter, the internal codes and the contemporary activity of the Order, recognized at the level of international organizations.
Mr. Marius Catalin Mitrea's book, by including in translation some fundamental documents, little known to the general public, but which accurately outline the current profile of the Sovereign Order of Malta, provides the necessary elements for a better knowledge and a fair appreciation of the Order's scope. Answering a wide range of legitimate questions and curiosities, from the criteria and the way of choosing the members to the significance of the clothes and the hierarchy of the decorations, this volume written with passion and meticulousness is a good introduction to a world that is defined, in rhythm. of solemnities that seem from other epochs, by reference to the tradition and to the Christian values. The author's profile, both legal and theological, resonated with the historical twinning of these two aspects in the life and work of the Knights of Malta.
Mr. Marius Catalin Mitrea pays well-deserved attention to bilateral relations with Romania and to the effective presence of the Maltese Aid Service through its programs for young people and the elderly, for people with disabilities and for social inclusion. The dynamic of almost three decades since the resumption of diplomatic relations between Romania and the Sovereign Order of Malta, the main moments of which are evoked in this book, was recently confirmed by the signing of the Cooperation Agreement. A publication that reflects the results of an excellent collaboration against the background of a prestigious history and the secular professing of the virtues of the virtues of faith, hope and love is all the more welcome now.
Bogdan TATARU ‑ CAZABAN
The Ambassador of Romania
in addition to the Sovereign Order of Malta in the period 2011-2016
Mr. Marius Catalin Mitrea and proposed to offer Romanian readers a historical synthesis, starting from world-famous books, such as that of Bertrand Galimard Flavigny, and especially a detailed presentation of the topicality of the Order as a subject of international law and Maltese Aid Service. The evolution of the Order for almost a millennium is closely followed in its essential articulations, from the hospitable knights of "St. John", so named in honor of St. John the Baptist, to today's members of the Sovereign Order of Malta, going through the stages that have as symbolic places Rhodes, Malta, Rome. The unifying thread of such a history that overlaps with Western Christian civilization, bordering on other cultures and civilizations, remains the spirit of chivalrous nobility and sacrifice in favor of the defenseless and the means of subsistence. This spirit traverses, during successive settlements, the constitutional charter, the internal codes and the contemporary activity of the Order, recognized at the level of international organizations.
Mr. Marius Catalin Mitrea's book, by including in translation some fundamental documents, little known to the general public, but which accurately outline the current profile of the Sovereign Order of Malta, provides the necessary elements for a better knowledge and a fair appreciation of the Order's scope. Answering a wide range of legitimate questions and curiosities, from the criteria and the way of choosing the members to the significance of the clothes and the hierarchy of the decorations, this volume written with passion and meticulousness is a good introduction to a world that is defined, in rhythm. of solemnities that seem from other epochs, by reference to the tradition and to the Christian values. The author's profile, both legal and theological, resonated with the historical twinning of these two aspects in the life and work of the Knights of Malta.
Mr. Marius Catalin Mitrea pays well-deserved attention to bilateral relations with Romania and to the effective presence of the Maltese Aid Service through its programs for young people and the elderly, for people with disabilities and for social inclusion. The dynamic of almost three decades since the resumption of diplomatic relations between Romania and the Sovereign Order of Malta, the main moments of which are evoked in this book, was recently confirmed by the signing of the Cooperation Agreement. A publication that reflects the results of an excellent collaboration against the background of a prestigious history and the secular professing of the virtues of the virtues of faith, hope and love is all the more welcome now.
Bogdan TATARU ‑ CAZABAN
The Ambassador of Romania
in addition to the Sovereign Order of Malta in the period 2011-2016
-
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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MARIUS CATALIN MITREA
FOREWORD / 5
PREFACE / 7
SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES / 9
PART I / 16
INTRODUCTION / 16
Title I / 16
FROM JERUSALEM'S HOSPITAL TO THE MILITARY SOVEREIGN ORDER OF MALTA / 16
Title II / 35
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EIGHT CORNERS OF THE MALTESE CROSS / 35
Title III / 35
THE SPEECH SYSTEM / 35
Title IV / 36
LAY RELIGIOUS KNIGHTS AND LAY KNIGHTS / 36
Title V / 37
THE DYNAMISM OF THE NAMES OF THE ORDER AND OF ITS MEMBERS / 37
Title VI / 38
ORDER AT PRESENT / 38
PART II / 40
CONSTITUTIONAL CHARTER / 40
Title I / 40
ORDER AND NATURE SA / 40
Article 1: Origin and nature of the Order / 40
Article 2: Purpose / 40
Article 3: Sovereignty / 41
Article 4: Report to the Apostolic See / 41
Article 5: Sources of Melitan Law / 41
Article 6: Flags, Insignia and Coat of Arms of the Order / 42
Article 7: Language / 42
Title II / 42
MEMBERS OF THE ORDER / 42
Article 8: Classes / 42
Article 9: Obligations of Members / 43
Article 10: Membership of members / 43
Article 11: Functions and offices / 44
Title III / 44
GOVERNANCE OF THE ORDER / 44
Article 12: Grand Master / 44
Article 13: Conditions for the election of the Grand Master / 44
Article 14: Oath of the Grand Master / 45
Article 15: Powers of the Grand Master / 45
Article 16: Renunciation of the office of Grand Master / 46
Article 17: Extraordinary Government / 46
Article 18: High Offices / 47
Article 19: Prelate / 48
Article 20: Sovereign Council / 48
Article 21: Council of Government / 49
Article 22: General Chapter / 49
Article 23: Full State Council / 50
Article 24: General Election Rules / 50
Article 25: Legal Council / 51
Article 26: Judicial Organization / 51
Article 27: Chamber of Accounts / 51
Title IV / 52
ORGANIZATION OF THE ORDER / 52
Article 28: Establishment of Organizations / 52
Article 29: Government of Priorities / 52
Article 30: Government of Priorities / 53
Article 31: Prior's Lieutenant / 53
Article 32: Vicar and Procurator of the Priory / 53
Article 33: Subpriorates and appointment of Regents / 53
Article 34: Associations / 54
Article 35: Delegations / 54
Article 36: Official text and translations of the Constitution Charter / 54
Article 37: Transitional provisions
PART III / 55
CODE / 55
Title I / 55
GENERAL RULES / 55
Article 1: Nature of the Melitan Code / 55
Article 2: Interpretation of laws / 55
Article 3: Publication and promulgation of laws / 55
Article 4: Legislative derogations / 55
Article 5: Name / 55
Title II / 56
MEMBERS OF THE ORDER / 56
CHAPTER I / 56
FIRST CLASS MEMBERS / 56
First Section: Admission / 56
Article 6: Requirements for admission to First Class / 56
Article 7: Application for admission / 56
Article 8: Verification of admission conditions / 56
Article 9: Conditions for admissibility of the application / 56
Article 10: Necessary conditions for admission to the Novitiate to be valid / 57
Article 11: Exemptions for admission to the Novitiate / 57
Article 12: Documents required for admission / 57
Article 13: Letters of testimony / 58
Article 14: Additional information
Article 15: Purpose of the Letters of Testimony / 58
Article 16: Confidentiality of information / 58
Second Section: Aspiring and Novitiate / 58
Article 17: Responsible for Aspirants / 58
Article 18: Duration of Aspiration / 58
Article 19: Establishment and validity of the Novitiate / 59
Article 20: Master of Novitiate / 59
Article 21: Admission of Candidates for Novitiate / 59
Article 22: Spiritual exercises preceding the Novitiate / 59
Article 23: Initiation of the Novitiate / 60
Article 24: Duration of the Novitiate / 60
Article 25: Change of residence of the Novice / 60
Article 26: Changing the location of the Novitiate / 60
Article 27: Enactment of the Novitiate Regulation / 60
Article 28: Obligations of Novices / 60
Article 29: Obligations of the Novitiate Master / 60
Article 30: Half-yearly report of the Master of Novitiate to Superiors / 61
Article 31: Application for Admission to the Profession / 61
Article 32: Spiritual exercises prior to the Profession / 61
Section Three: Knights Monks with Temporary Vows / 61
Article 33: Admission to the Profession / 61
Article 34: Conditions for the validity of the Profession / 61
Rule 35: Renewal of Temporary Votes / 61
Rule 36: Spiritual withdrawal for renewal of Votes / 62
Article 37: Formula of the Religious Profession / 62
Article 38: Custody of the Religious Profession document / 62
Article 39: Possibility of leaving the Religious Profession at the expiration of the Votes / 62
Article 40: Nomination of the Spiritual Director for the Knights Monks with Temporary Vows / 62
Article 41: Obligations of the Knights of the Temporary Votes / 62
Article 42: Relations of the Spiritual Director of the Monks with Temporary Vows with Superiors / 63
Article 43: Rights and Privileges of Monks with Temporary Votes / 63
Article 44: Effects of the Temporary Voting Profession / 63
Section Four: The Monk Knights with Perpetual Vows / 63
Article 45: Effects of the Perpetual Voting Profession / 63
Article 46: Duration of Temporary Votes required for the Perpetual Profession / 63
Article 47: Spiritual exercises preceding the Perpetual Profession / 64
Article 48: Perpetual Profession / 64
Article 49: Effects of the Perpetual Profession / 64
Fifth Section: Conventual Monk Chaplains / 64
Article 50: Obligations of Conventual Chaplains / 64
Article 51: Provisions of the Code on Conventual Chaplains / 64
Article 52: The conditions necessary for the admission of Conventual Chaplains / 64
Article 53: Novitiate Master of Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 54: Duration of the Novitiate for Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 55: Temporary Profession of Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 56: Formula of the Temporary Profession of Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 57: Perpetual Profession of Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 58: Ecclesiastical Discipline of Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 59: Rights and Rules of Conventual Monk Chaplains / 66
Article 60: Canonical Title of Poverty of Conventual Monk Chaplains / 66
CHAPTER II / 66
RELIGIOUS VOTES / 66
First Section: The Vow of Obedience / 66
Article 61: The virtue of obedience / 66
Article 62: Vote of obedience / 66
Article 63: The precept of the Vow of Obedience / 66
Article 64: Observance of the laws of the Order / 66
Article 65: Relations with the Superiors of the Order / 66
Article 66: The Spirit of Collaboration between Members and Superiors / 66
Section Two: The Vow of Chastity / 67
Article 67: Vow of chastity / 67
Article 68: Spiritual aids to the practice of chastity / 67
Section Two: The Poverty Vote / 67
Article 69: Vote on poverty / 67
Article 70: Effects of the Temporary Poverty Vote / 67
Article 71: Prohibition of donations / 67
Article 72: Testament preceding the Profession / 67
Article 73: Rights of the Order over the monks' property / 68
Article 74: Acquired goods intuitu religionis / 68
Article 75: Use and usufruct of personal property / 68
Article 76: Conditions regarding the privilege of administration, use and usufruct of the goods / 68
Article 77: Extraordinary expenditure allowance / 68
Article 78: Donations for Order or other charitable causes / 69
Article 79: The Spirit of the Poverty Vote / 69
Article 80: Effects of the Perpetual Poverty Vote / 69
Article 81: Giving up goods before the Perpetual Profession / 69
Article 82: The goods acquired by the Monk Knight with Perpetual Vows / 69
Article 83: Request for a Pardon on Perpetual Vow of Poverty / 69
Article 84: Acts subsequent to the Perpetual Profession / 69
CHAPTER III / 70
OBLIGATIONS OF MONKS IN GENERAL / 70
Article 85: Obligations of the Knights Monks / 70
Article 86: Religious Practices of Monk Knights / 70
Article 87: Liberal professions and public offices / 70
Article 88: Regulation of the activity of the Knights Monks / 70
Article 89: The Rights of the Knights Monks / 70
CHAPTER IV / 70
TRANSFER TO ANOTHER INSTITUTE OR COMPANY DEPARTURE AND DISMISSAL ORDER / 70
Article 90: Transfer to another Institute or Company / 70
Article 91: Secularization and abandonment of the Order / 70
Article 92: Exclusion from the financial claims of those who leave Order / 71
Article 93: Removal from Order / 71
CHAPTER V / 71
MEMBERS OF THE SECOND CLASS / 71
First Section: Knights and Ladies in Obedience / 71
Article 94: Promises and obligations / 71
Article 95: Requirements for Admission of Knights and Ladies in Obedience / 71
Article 96: Admission procedure / 72
Article 97: Preparation of candidates / 72
Article 98: Relationship with the candidate / 72
Article 99: Admission of Candidates for Promise / 72
Article 100: Promise and Associated Acts / 72
Article 101: Spiritual Obligations / 73
Article 102: Criteria for assigning debts / 73
Article 103: Change of activity / 73
Article 104: Waiver of Promise / 73
Article 105: Disciplinary sanctions / 74
Article 106: Wearing the outfit and distinctive insignia / 74
Article 107: The Road to the Profession / 74
Section Two: Common Conditions / 74
Rule 108: Admission of Members of the Third Class / 74
Article 109: Year of preparation / 74
Article 110: Reception of Priests / 74
Article 111: Distinctions of Honor / 75
Article 112: Necessary noble conditions / 75
Article 113: Conditions for admission / 75
Article 114: Admission / 75
Article 115: Admission motu proprio / 75
Article 116: Debts / 75
Article 117: Collaboration between the Conventual Monk Chaplains and the Chaplains of the Third Class / 75
Article 118: The ritual of reception / 76
CHAPTER VI / 76
DISCIPLINARY PROVISIONS FOR SECOND AND THIRD CLASS MEMBERS / 76
Article 119: Disciplinary sanctions / 76
Article 120: Disciplinary sanctions / 76
Article 121: Warning and Rebuke / 76
Article 122: Disciplinary Commission / 76
Article 123: Suspension and Dismissal / 76
Article 124: Preliminary Disciplinary Procedures / 77
Article 125: Disciplinary Procedure / 77
Article 126: Conduct of the Disciplinary Procedure / 77
Article 127: Disciplinary deliberation / 77
Article 128: Notification of disciplinary deliberation / 78
Article 129: Appeal / 78
CHAPTER VII / 78
DEGREES AND HONORS / 78
Article 130: Degrees of the Order / 78
Article 131: Honor of the Commander / 78
Article 132: Honors of the Order / 78
Article 133: Requirements for candidates to receive Honors / 79
Title III / 79
GOVERNMENT / 79
CHAPTER I / 79
THE GREAT MASTER / 79
Article 134: Debts / 79
Article 135: Incompatibilities / 79
Article 136: Residence / 79
Article 137: Authority / 79
Article 138: Supervisory responsibilities / 79
Article 139: Visits to the institutions of the Order / 80
Article 140: Publication of documents / 80
Article 141: Waiver of office / 80
CHAPTER II / 80
EXTRAORDINARY GOVERNMENT / 80
Article 142: Government of the Order during the vacancy of the Office of Grand Master / 80
CHAPTER III / 80
INTERIM LIEUTENANT / 80
Article 143: Debts / 80
Article 144: Powers / 80
Article 145: Convening of the Full Council of State / 80
CHAPTER IV / 81
THE LIEUTENANT OF THE GRAND MASTER / 81
Article 146: Powers / 81
CHAPTER V / 81
CONFERENCE OF OFFICES AND INCOMPATIBILITIES / 81
Article 147: Conferral of Order Offices / 81
Article 148: Incompatibilities of the Offices / 81
CHAPTER VI / 81
THE HIGH OFFICES OF THE GREAT MAGISTRY / 81
Article 149: Grand Commander / 81
Article 150: Duties of the Grand Commander / 81
Article 151: Grand Chancellor / 82
Article 152: Debts of the Grand Chancellor / 82
Article 153: Implementation of the Decrees of the Grand Master / 82
Article 154: Diplomatic representatives of the Order / 82
Article 155: The debts of the Grand Hospitaller / 83
Article 156: Debts of the Receiver of the Common Treasury / 83
Article 157: Mandate of the Grand Master to the Receiver of the Common Treasure / 84
Article 158: Residence of the holders of the Grand Offices / 84
Article 159: Holidays of the Great Offices / 84
CHAPTER VII / 84
THE PRELATE AND THE CLERGY / 84
Article 160: Duties of the Prelate / 84
Article 161: Duties of Conventual Chaplains / 84
Article 162: Ministry of Chaplains / 84
CHAPTER VIII / 85
SOVEREIGN COUNCIL / 85
Rule 163: Headquarters / 85
Article 164: Assumption of office / 85
Article 165: Agenda and convocation / 85
Article 166: Conditions for the validity of deliberations / 85
Rule 167: Replacement of Members / 85
Rule 168: Special cases of secret ballot / 85
Article 169: Revocation of the Office / 85
CHAPTER IX / 86
GOVERNING COUNCIL / 86
Rule 170: Meeting place / 86
Article 171: Assumption of office / 86
Article 172: Agenda and convocation / 86
Article 173: Proceedings ‑ Minutes / 86
Article 174: Obligation of secrecy / 86
CHAPTER X / 86
GENERAL CHAPTER / 86
Article 175: Convocation / 86
Article 176: Delegates of the entities of the Order / 87
Article 177: Place, date and agenda / 87
Article 178: Compulsory attendance of Capitulars / 88
Article 179: Initial acts / 88
Rule 180: Chapter Commissions / 88
Article 181: Invitation of Consultants / 88
Article 182: Election of the Sovereign Council, the Council of Government and the Chamber of Accounts / 88
Article 183: Establishment of the annual contribution and the toll / 89
Article 184: Approval and custody of the Minutes 89 Minutes / 89
Article 185: Publication of Decisions of the General Chapter / 89
CHAPTER XI / 89
FULL STATE COUNCIL / 89
Article 186: Publication of Decisions of the General Chapter / 89
Article 187: Delegates of the institutions of the Order / 89
Article 188: Presidency and Secretariat / 89
Article 189: Initial acts / 90
Article 190: Election of the Grand Master or Lieutenant of the Grand Master / 90
Article 191: Consent of the elected / 90
Article 192: Secrecy of elections / 90
Article 193: Approval and custody of Proceedings ‑ Minutes / 90
Article 194: Dissolution of the Full State Council / 90
Article 195: Extraordinary convocation of the General Chapter / 90
CHAPTER XII / 90
VOTES / 90
Article 196: Ballot papers and ballot papers / 90
CHAPTER XIII / 91
LEGAL COUNCIL / 91
Article 197: Headquarters, Powers and Assemblies / 91
Rule 198: Procedure for the sitting / 91
CHAPTER XIV / 91
JUSTICE AND JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION / 91
Article 199: Composition and seat of the Magistrates' Courts / 91
Article 200: Incompatibility of a judge in several courts / 92
Article 201: Substitute judges / 92
Article 202: Oath / 92
Article 203: Age limit / 92
CHAPTER XV / 92
JURISDICTION OF THE MAGISTRATE COURTS / 92
Article 204: Material jurisdiction of the Magistrates' Courts / 92
CHAPTER XVI / 93
PROCEDURAL ORGANIZATION / 93
Article 205: Judicial proceedings / 93
CHAPTER XVII / 93
PROCEDURAL REPRESENTATION OF THE ORDER BEFORE STATE JURISDICTIONS / 93
Article 206: Procedural representatives of Order / 93
CHAPTER XVIII / 94
STATE LAWYERS / 94
Article 207: Lawyers of the Order / 94
Article 208: Composition of the College / 94
Article 209: College Assistance / 94
CHAPTER XIX / 94
DEFENDANT LAWYERS / 94
Article 210: Admission of defense lawyers / 94
Article 211: Exclusion and suspension of defense lawyers / 94
CHAPTER XX / 94
THE GOODS OF THE ORDER / 94
Article 212: Classification of goods / 94
Article 213: Contributions of Melita entities / 94
Article 214: Extraordinary administration / 94
Article 215: Payment of the contribution / 95
CHAPTER XXI / 95
CHAMBER OF ACCOUNTS / 95
Article 216: Duties / 95
Article 217: Meetings and reimbursements / 95
Article 218: Proceedings ‑ Minutes of meetings / 95
Rule 219: Relations of the President with the General Chapter / 95
Title IV / 96
ORGANIZATION OF THE ORDER / 96
CHAPTER I / 96
LEGAL ENTITIES / 96
Article 220: Legal personality of Melita entities / 96
Article 221: Acquisition of legal personality in accordance with national legislation / 96
CHAPTER II / 96
THE GREAT PRIORITIES AND PRIORITIES / 96
Article 222: Establishment of Grand Priories and Priories / 96
Article 223: Approval of the statutes of the Priories / 96
Article 224: Appointment of the first Prior and of the members of the Chapter / 96
Article 225: Duties of the Prior / 96
Article 226: Meetings and Spiritual Exercises of the Priory / 97
Article 227: Priority Administrative Report / 97
CHAPTER III / 97
THE GREAT PRIORITIES AND PRIORITIES / 97
Article 228: Chapter / 97
CHAPTER IV / 97
NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS / 97
Article 229: Purpose / 97
Article 230: Membership / 97
Article 231: Conditions of establishment / 98
CHAPTER V / 98
DELEGATIONS / 98
Rule 232: Establishment of a Delegation / 98
CHAPTER VI / 98
CHURCHES OF THE ORDER / 98
Article 233: Churches and Oratories / 98
Article 234: Chaplains of Churches and Oratories / 98
Article 235: Canonical visit of Churches and Oratories / 98
CHAPTER VII / 99
WORKS OF THE ORDER / 99
Article 236: Obsequium pauperum / 99
Article 237: Organization of Obsequium pauperum / 99
Article 238: International collaboration / 100
Article 239: The suborganizations of the Associations or of the Priorates for the accomplishment of the Works of the Order / 100
CHAPTER VIII / 100
COMMUNICATION / 100
Article 240: Communication Council / 100
Article 241: Duties and meetings of the Communication Council / 101
CHAPTER IX / 101
EMBLEM / 101
Article 242: Emblem of the Works of Order / 101
PART IV / 102
SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND GENERIS / 102
TITLE I / 102
GENERAL PART / 102
1. Subject of international law / 102
2. Categories of subjects of international law / 102
TITLE II / 104
HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS DEFINING THE LEGAL PERSONALITY OF THE ORDER / 104
CHAPTER I / 104
BULA PIE POSTULATIO VOLUNTATISV / 104
CHAPTER II / 106
PERFECT PERIOD OF FEUDAL CONDITION, NOBLE AND UNCOMFORTABLE OF CHARGES OF THE MALTESE ARCHIPELAGO AND TRIPOLI, ISSUED BY THE EMPEROR CAROL QUINTUL / 106
CHAPTER III / 113
DOCUMENTS ISSUED IN RELATION TO THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC / 113
CHAPTER IV / 117
MELITAN LAW / 117
TITLE III RELATIONSHIP WITH THE HOLY SEAT / 120
TITLE IV SOVEREIGNTY / 121
TITLE VI / 126
ELEMENTS OF EXPRESSION OF POLITICAL SOVEREIGNTY / 126
CHAPTER I / 126
CITIZENSHIP / 126
CHAPTER II / 127
PASSPORTS / 127
CHAPTER III / 127
CURRENCY / 127
CHAPTER IV / 129
VEHICLE ENTRY PLATES / 129
CHAPTER V / 129
POSTAL SERVICE AND STAMPS / 129
CHAPTER VI / 130
MILITARY BODY / 130
PART V / 133
FOREIGN POLICY / 133
Title I / 133
GENERAL PART / 133
1. Foreign policy and analysis / 133
2. The qualified international actor / 133
Title II / 134
SPECIAL PART / 134
1. The impact of the international system on the Order / 134
2. Internal determinants / 135
3. The decision-making process / 135
Title III / 137
DIPLOMATIC NETWORK / 137
1. Bilateral relations / 137
2. Multilateral relations / 138
Title IV / 140
CHARITABLE DIPLOMACY ‑ HUMANITARIAN / 140
PART VI / 143
CHARITABLE ‑ HUMANITARIAN WORK OF ORDER / 143
Title I / 143
MALTEZ INTERNATIONAL - MALTEZ INTERNATIONAL AID SERVICE / 143
Title II / 145
CHARITARY ‑ HUMANITARIAN ACTIONS OF THE ORDER / 145
1. The Vietnam War - Vietnam / 145
2. The Lebanon War - Lebanon / 146
3. The Gulf War - Iraq and Kuwait / 146
4. The Congo Civil War - Democratic Republic of the Congo / 147
5. The Angolan Civil War: The Diamond War / 148
6. The Rwandan Civil War / 149
7. Sudan Civil War - Sudan, South Sudan / 149
8. The Yugoslav Wars - Former Yugoslavia / 150
a) Albania / 151
b) Bosnia and Herzegovina / 151
c) Serbia / 152
d) Kosovo / 153
e) Montenegro / 154
f) Macedonia / 154
9. The war in Afghanistan - Afghanistan / 154
Title III / 155
ORDER AND OPERATION, IN FIGURES / 155
PART VII / 157
ORDER, IN ROMANIA / 157
Title I / 157
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE ORDER WITH THE ROMANIAN STATE / 157
Title II / 160
ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION OF MEMBERS OF THE MILITARY SOVEREIGN ORDER OF MALTA / 160
Title III / 161
MALTESE AID SERVICE IN ROMANIA AND ITS WORKS / 161
Title IV / 162
IMPLEMENTED PROGRAMS / 162
1. Programs for children / 162
2. Programs for people with disabilities / 164
3. Programs for the elderly / 165
4. Programs for the Roma community / 166
5. Programs for other vulnerable categories / 167
6. First aid programs / 168
7. Spiritual activities / 169
8. Disaster response programs / 170
PART A VIII / 172
CURRENT AFFAIRS FILE / 172
Title I / 172
GENERAL DEFINITION OF AN ORDER / 172
Title II / 172
ORDERS OF SAINT JOHN OF JERUSALEM / 172
1. The Bailiff of Brandenburg of St. John / 173
2. Order of St. John of the Netherlands / 173
3. Order of St. John of Sweden / 174
4. The Venerable Order of St. John / 174
Title III / 174
THE KNIGHTLY ORDERS RECOGNIZED BY THE HOLY SEAT / 174
Title IV / 175
MEDICINE, FUNDAMENTAL TRAIT / 175
Title V / 181
MEMBER STATUS OF THE ORDER IN THE COMPANY: COMPATIBILITIES AND RESTRICTIONS / 181
Title VI / 182
ORDER REFORM: AMENDMENT AND COMPLETION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHARTER AND CODE / 182
PART IX / 184
TITLES AND DISTINCTIVE ELEMENTS OF THE ORDER / 184
Title I / 184
DISTINCTIVE TITLES AND RIBBONS OF MEMBERSHIP ORDER / 184
I. First Class (Knights of Justice and Conventual Monk Chaplains) / 184
II. Second Class (Knights and Ladies in Obedience) / 186
III. Third Class / 186
Title II 191
DISTINCTIVE TITLES AND RIBBONS OF THE PRO MERITO MELITENSI HONORARY ORDER / 191
I. Colanul Ordinului Pro Merito Melitensi / 191
II. Cross of the Order Pro Merito Melitensi / 191
III. Medal of the Order of Merit Melitensi / 194
Title III / 196
CLOTHING / 197
PART X / 203
THE AGREEMENTS CONCLUDED BETWEEN ROMANIA AND THE SOVEREIGN MILITARY ORDER OF MALTA / 203
Title I / 203
COOPERATION AGREEMENT FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE, CONCLUDED ON 11 MARCH 2002/203
Title II / 204
COOPERATION AGREEMENT IN THE FIELD OF POSTAL SERVICES, CONCLUDED ON 9 JUNE 2011/204
Title III / 206
COOPERATION AGREEMENT, CONCLUDED ON MAY 11, 2018/206
PART XI / 210
CONCLUSIONS / 210
PART XII / 214
ANNEXES / 214
Title I / 214
MASTERS AND GRAND MASTERS OF THE ORDER / 214
Title II / 217
CONFLICTS IN WHICH THE ORDER WAS PART / 217
PART XIII ‑ A / 224
ENGLISH SELECTIVE TRANSLATION / 224
Title I / 224
INTRODUCTION / 224
Title II / 228
SOVEREIGNITY OF THE ORDER / 228
Title III / 232
THE BULL PIE POSTULATIO VOLNTATIS: THE FIRST DOCUMENT DEFINING THE ORDER’S LEGAL PERSONALITY / 232
Title IV / 233
THE SOURCE OF THE ORDER’S SOVEREIGNITY: THE PRINCELY SOVEREIGNITY / 233
Title V / 234
FOREIGN POLICY / 234
Chapter I / 234
THE GENERAL PART / 234
1. Foreign policy and its analysis / 234
2. Qualified international actor / 235
Chapter II / 235
THE SPECIAL PART / 235
1. The impact of the international system on the Order / 236
2. Internal determinants / 236
3. The decision ‑ making process / 237
Chapter III / 238
THE DIPLOMATIC NETWORK / 238
Title VI / 239
THE ORDER’S CHARITABLE AND HUMANITARIAN WORK / 239
Chapter I / 239
MALTESER INTERNATIONAL - THE ORDER OF MALTA’S WORLDWIDE RELIEF AGENCY / 239
Chapter II / 241
THE CHARITABLE ‑ HUMANITARIAN ACTIVITIES OF THE ORDER / 241
Chapter III / 242
Title VII / 248
THE ORDER, IN ROMANIA / 248
Chapter I / 248
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE ORDER WITH THE ROMANIAN STATE / 248
Chapter II / 251
THE ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION OF MEMBERS OF THE SOVEREIGN MILITARY ORDER OF MALTA / 251
Chapter III / 252
THE ROMANIAN MALTESE RELIEF SERVICE AND ITS WORKS / 252
BIBLIOGRAPHY / 254
PREFACE / 7
SCIENTIFIC REFERENCES / 9
PART I / 16
INTRODUCTION / 16
Title I / 16
FROM JERUSALEM'S HOSPITAL TO THE MILITARY SOVEREIGN ORDER OF MALTA / 16
Title II / 35
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EIGHT CORNERS OF THE MALTESE CROSS / 35
Title III / 35
THE SPEECH SYSTEM / 35
Title IV / 36
LAY RELIGIOUS KNIGHTS AND LAY KNIGHTS / 36
Title V / 37
THE DYNAMISM OF THE NAMES OF THE ORDER AND OF ITS MEMBERS / 37
Title VI / 38
ORDER AT PRESENT / 38
PART II / 40
CONSTITUTIONAL CHARTER / 40
Title I / 40
ORDER AND NATURE SA / 40
Article 1: Origin and nature of the Order / 40
Article 2: Purpose / 40
Article 3: Sovereignty / 41
Article 4: Report to the Apostolic See / 41
Article 5: Sources of Melitan Law / 41
Article 6: Flags, Insignia and Coat of Arms of the Order / 42
Article 7: Language / 42
Title II / 42
MEMBERS OF THE ORDER / 42
Article 8: Classes / 42
Article 9: Obligations of Members / 43
Article 10: Membership of members / 43
Article 11: Functions and offices / 44
Title III / 44
GOVERNANCE OF THE ORDER / 44
Article 12: Grand Master / 44
Article 13: Conditions for the election of the Grand Master / 44
Article 14: Oath of the Grand Master / 45
Article 15: Powers of the Grand Master / 45
Article 16: Renunciation of the office of Grand Master / 46
Article 17: Extraordinary Government / 46
Article 18: High Offices / 47
Article 19: Prelate / 48
Article 20: Sovereign Council / 48
Article 21: Council of Government / 49
Article 22: General Chapter / 49
Article 23: Full State Council / 50
Article 24: General Election Rules / 50
Article 25: Legal Council / 51
Article 26: Judicial Organization / 51
Article 27: Chamber of Accounts / 51
Title IV / 52
ORGANIZATION OF THE ORDER / 52
Article 28: Establishment of Organizations / 52
Article 29: Government of Priorities / 52
Article 30: Government of Priorities / 53
Article 31: Prior's Lieutenant / 53
Article 32: Vicar and Procurator of the Priory / 53
Article 33: Subpriorates and appointment of Regents / 53
Article 34: Associations / 54
Article 35: Delegations / 54
Article 36: Official text and translations of the Constitution Charter / 54
Article 37: Transitional provisions
PART III / 55
CODE / 55
Title I / 55
GENERAL RULES / 55
Article 1: Nature of the Melitan Code / 55
Article 2: Interpretation of laws / 55
Article 3: Publication and promulgation of laws / 55
Article 4: Legislative derogations / 55
Article 5: Name / 55
Title II / 56
MEMBERS OF THE ORDER / 56
CHAPTER I / 56
FIRST CLASS MEMBERS / 56
First Section: Admission / 56
Article 6: Requirements for admission to First Class / 56
Article 7: Application for admission / 56
Article 8: Verification of admission conditions / 56
Article 9: Conditions for admissibility of the application / 56
Article 10: Necessary conditions for admission to the Novitiate to be valid / 57
Article 11: Exemptions for admission to the Novitiate / 57
Article 12: Documents required for admission / 57
Article 13: Letters of testimony / 58
Article 14: Additional information
Article 15: Purpose of the Letters of Testimony / 58
Article 16: Confidentiality of information / 58
Second Section: Aspiring and Novitiate / 58
Article 17: Responsible for Aspirants / 58
Article 18: Duration of Aspiration / 58
Article 19: Establishment and validity of the Novitiate / 59
Article 20: Master of Novitiate / 59
Article 21: Admission of Candidates for Novitiate / 59
Article 22: Spiritual exercises preceding the Novitiate / 59
Article 23: Initiation of the Novitiate / 60
Article 24: Duration of the Novitiate / 60
Article 25: Change of residence of the Novice / 60
Article 26: Changing the location of the Novitiate / 60
Article 27: Enactment of the Novitiate Regulation / 60
Article 28: Obligations of Novices / 60
Article 29: Obligations of the Novitiate Master / 60
Article 30: Half-yearly report of the Master of Novitiate to Superiors / 61
Article 31: Application for Admission to the Profession / 61
Article 32: Spiritual exercises prior to the Profession / 61
Section Three: Knights Monks with Temporary Vows / 61
Article 33: Admission to the Profession / 61
Article 34: Conditions for the validity of the Profession / 61
Rule 35: Renewal of Temporary Votes / 61
Rule 36: Spiritual withdrawal for renewal of Votes / 62
Article 37: Formula of the Religious Profession / 62
Article 38: Custody of the Religious Profession document / 62
Article 39: Possibility of leaving the Religious Profession at the expiration of the Votes / 62
Article 40: Nomination of the Spiritual Director for the Knights Monks with Temporary Vows / 62
Article 41: Obligations of the Knights of the Temporary Votes / 62
Article 42: Relations of the Spiritual Director of the Monks with Temporary Vows with Superiors / 63
Article 43: Rights and Privileges of Monks with Temporary Votes / 63
Article 44: Effects of the Temporary Voting Profession / 63
Section Four: The Monk Knights with Perpetual Vows / 63
Article 45: Effects of the Perpetual Voting Profession / 63
Article 46: Duration of Temporary Votes required for the Perpetual Profession / 63
Article 47: Spiritual exercises preceding the Perpetual Profession / 64
Article 48: Perpetual Profession / 64
Article 49: Effects of the Perpetual Profession / 64
Fifth Section: Conventual Monk Chaplains / 64
Article 50: Obligations of Conventual Chaplains / 64
Article 51: Provisions of the Code on Conventual Chaplains / 64
Article 52: The conditions necessary for the admission of Conventual Chaplains / 64
Article 53: Novitiate Master of Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 54: Duration of the Novitiate for Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 55: Temporary Profession of Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 56: Formula of the Temporary Profession of Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 57: Perpetual Profession of Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 58: Ecclesiastical Discipline of Conventual Chaplains / 65
Article 59: Rights and Rules of Conventual Monk Chaplains / 66
Article 60: Canonical Title of Poverty of Conventual Monk Chaplains / 66
CHAPTER II / 66
RELIGIOUS VOTES / 66
First Section: The Vow of Obedience / 66
Article 61: The virtue of obedience / 66
Article 62: Vote of obedience / 66
Article 63: The precept of the Vow of Obedience / 66
Article 64: Observance of the laws of the Order / 66
Article 65: Relations with the Superiors of the Order / 66
Article 66: The Spirit of Collaboration between Members and Superiors / 66
Section Two: The Vow of Chastity / 67
Article 67: Vow of chastity / 67
Article 68: Spiritual aids to the practice of chastity / 67
Section Two: The Poverty Vote / 67
Article 69: Vote on poverty / 67
Article 70: Effects of the Temporary Poverty Vote / 67
Article 71: Prohibition of donations / 67
Article 72: Testament preceding the Profession / 67
Article 73: Rights of the Order over the monks' property / 68
Article 74: Acquired goods intuitu religionis / 68
Article 75: Use and usufruct of personal property / 68
Article 76: Conditions regarding the privilege of administration, use and usufruct of the goods / 68
Article 77: Extraordinary expenditure allowance / 68
Article 78: Donations for Order or other charitable causes / 69
Article 79: The Spirit of the Poverty Vote / 69
Article 80: Effects of the Perpetual Poverty Vote / 69
Article 81: Giving up goods before the Perpetual Profession / 69
Article 82: The goods acquired by the Monk Knight with Perpetual Vows / 69
Article 83: Request for a Pardon on Perpetual Vow of Poverty / 69
Article 84: Acts subsequent to the Perpetual Profession / 69
CHAPTER III / 70
OBLIGATIONS OF MONKS IN GENERAL / 70
Article 85: Obligations of the Knights Monks / 70
Article 86: Religious Practices of Monk Knights / 70
Article 87: Liberal professions and public offices / 70
Article 88: Regulation of the activity of the Knights Monks / 70
Article 89: The Rights of the Knights Monks / 70
CHAPTER IV / 70
TRANSFER TO ANOTHER INSTITUTE OR COMPANY DEPARTURE AND DISMISSAL ORDER / 70
Article 90: Transfer to another Institute or Company / 70
Article 91: Secularization and abandonment of the Order / 70
Article 92: Exclusion from the financial claims of those who leave Order / 71
Article 93: Removal from Order / 71
CHAPTER V / 71
MEMBERS OF THE SECOND CLASS / 71
First Section: Knights and Ladies in Obedience / 71
Article 94: Promises and obligations / 71
Article 95: Requirements for Admission of Knights and Ladies in Obedience / 71
Article 96: Admission procedure / 72
Article 97: Preparation of candidates / 72
Article 98: Relationship with the candidate / 72
Article 99: Admission of Candidates for Promise / 72
Article 100: Promise and Associated Acts / 72
Article 101: Spiritual Obligations / 73
Article 102: Criteria for assigning debts / 73
Article 103: Change of activity / 73
Article 104: Waiver of Promise / 73
Article 105: Disciplinary sanctions / 74
Article 106: Wearing the outfit and distinctive insignia / 74
Article 107: The Road to the Profession / 74
Section Two: Common Conditions / 74
Rule 108: Admission of Members of the Third Class / 74
Article 109: Year of preparation / 74
Article 110: Reception of Priests / 74
Article 111: Distinctions of Honor / 75
Article 112: Necessary noble conditions / 75
Article 113: Conditions for admission / 75
Article 114: Admission / 75
Article 115: Admission motu proprio / 75
Article 116: Debts / 75
Article 117: Collaboration between the Conventual Monk Chaplains and the Chaplains of the Third Class / 75
Article 118: The ritual of reception / 76
CHAPTER VI / 76
DISCIPLINARY PROVISIONS FOR SECOND AND THIRD CLASS MEMBERS / 76
Article 119: Disciplinary sanctions / 76
Article 120: Disciplinary sanctions / 76
Article 121: Warning and Rebuke / 76
Article 122: Disciplinary Commission / 76
Article 123: Suspension and Dismissal / 76
Article 124: Preliminary Disciplinary Procedures / 77
Article 125: Disciplinary Procedure / 77
Article 126: Conduct of the Disciplinary Procedure / 77
Article 127: Disciplinary deliberation / 77
Article 128: Notification of disciplinary deliberation / 78
Article 129: Appeal / 78
CHAPTER VII / 78
DEGREES AND HONORS / 78
Article 130: Degrees of the Order / 78
Article 131: Honor of the Commander / 78
Article 132: Honors of the Order / 78
Article 133: Requirements for candidates to receive Honors / 79
Title III / 79
GOVERNMENT / 79
CHAPTER I / 79
THE GREAT MASTER / 79
Article 134: Debts / 79
Article 135: Incompatibilities / 79
Article 136: Residence / 79
Article 137: Authority / 79
Article 138: Supervisory responsibilities / 79
Article 139: Visits to the institutions of the Order / 80
Article 140: Publication of documents / 80
Article 141: Waiver of office / 80
CHAPTER II / 80
EXTRAORDINARY GOVERNMENT / 80
Article 142: Government of the Order during the vacancy of the Office of Grand Master / 80
CHAPTER III / 80
INTERIM LIEUTENANT / 80
Article 143: Debts / 80
Article 144: Powers / 80
Article 145: Convening of the Full Council of State / 80
CHAPTER IV / 81
THE LIEUTENANT OF THE GRAND MASTER / 81
Article 146: Powers / 81
CHAPTER V / 81
CONFERENCE OF OFFICES AND INCOMPATIBILITIES / 81
Article 147: Conferral of Order Offices / 81
Article 148: Incompatibilities of the Offices / 81
CHAPTER VI / 81
THE HIGH OFFICES OF THE GREAT MAGISTRY / 81
Article 149: Grand Commander / 81
Article 150: Duties of the Grand Commander / 81
Article 151: Grand Chancellor / 82
Article 152: Debts of the Grand Chancellor / 82
Article 153: Implementation of the Decrees of the Grand Master / 82
Article 154: Diplomatic representatives of the Order / 82
Article 155: The debts of the Grand Hospitaller / 83
Article 156: Debts of the Receiver of the Common Treasury / 83
Article 157: Mandate of the Grand Master to the Receiver of the Common Treasure / 84
Article 158: Residence of the holders of the Grand Offices / 84
Article 159: Holidays of the Great Offices / 84
CHAPTER VII / 84
THE PRELATE AND THE CLERGY / 84
Article 160: Duties of the Prelate / 84
Article 161: Duties of Conventual Chaplains / 84
Article 162: Ministry of Chaplains / 84
CHAPTER VIII / 85
SOVEREIGN COUNCIL / 85
Rule 163: Headquarters / 85
Article 164: Assumption of office / 85
Article 165: Agenda and convocation / 85
Article 166: Conditions for the validity of deliberations / 85
Rule 167: Replacement of Members / 85
Rule 168: Special cases of secret ballot / 85
Article 169: Revocation of the Office / 85
CHAPTER IX / 86
GOVERNING COUNCIL / 86
Rule 170: Meeting place / 86
Article 171: Assumption of office / 86
Article 172: Agenda and convocation / 86
Article 173: Proceedings ‑ Minutes / 86
Article 174: Obligation of secrecy / 86
CHAPTER X / 86
GENERAL CHAPTER / 86
Article 175: Convocation / 86
Article 176: Delegates of the entities of the Order / 87
Article 177: Place, date and agenda / 87
Article 178: Compulsory attendance of Capitulars / 88
Article 179: Initial acts / 88
Rule 180: Chapter Commissions / 88
Article 181: Invitation of Consultants / 88
Article 182: Election of the Sovereign Council, the Council of Government and the Chamber of Accounts / 88
Article 183: Establishment of the annual contribution and the toll / 89
Article 184: Approval and custody of the Minutes 89 Minutes / 89
Article 185: Publication of Decisions of the General Chapter / 89
CHAPTER XI / 89
FULL STATE COUNCIL / 89
Article 186: Publication of Decisions of the General Chapter / 89
Article 187: Delegates of the institutions of the Order / 89
Article 188: Presidency and Secretariat / 89
Article 189: Initial acts / 90
Article 190: Election of the Grand Master or Lieutenant of the Grand Master / 90
Article 191: Consent of the elected / 90
Article 192: Secrecy of elections / 90
Article 193: Approval and custody of Proceedings ‑ Minutes / 90
Article 194: Dissolution of the Full State Council / 90
Article 195: Extraordinary convocation of the General Chapter / 90
CHAPTER XII / 90
VOTES / 90
Article 196: Ballot papers and ballot papers / 90
CHAPTER XIII / 91
LEGAL COUNCIL / 91
Article 197: Headquarters, Powers and Assemblies / 91
Rule 198: Procedure for the sitting / 91
CHAPTER XIV / 91
JUSTICE AND JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION / 91
Article 199: Composition and seat of the Magistrates' Courts / 91
Article 200: Incompatibility of a judge in several courts / 92
Article 201: Substitute judges / 92
Article 202: Oath / 92
Article 203: Age limit / 92
CHAPTER XV / 92
JURISDICTION OF THE MAGISTRATE COURTS / 92
Article 204: Material jurisdiction of the Magistrates' Courts / 92
CHAPTER XVI / 93
PROCEDURAL ORGANIZATION / 93
Article 205: Judicial proceedings / 93
CHAPTER XVII / 93
PROCEDURAL REPRESENTATION OF THE ORDER BEFORE STATE JURISDICTIONS / 93
Article 206: Procedural representatives of Order / 93
CHAPTER XVIII / 94
STATE LAWYERS / 94
Article 207: Lawyers of the Order / 94
Article 208: Composition of the College / 94
Article 209: College Assistance / 94
CHAPTER XIX / 94
DEFENDANT LAWYERS / 94
Article 210: Admission of defense lawyers / 94
Article 211: Exclusion and suspension of defense lawyers / 94
CHAPTER XX / 94
THE GOODS OF THE ORDER / 94
Article 212: Classification of goods / 94
Article 213: Contributions of Melita entities / 94
Article 214: Extraordinary administration / 94
Article 215: Payment of the contribution / 95
CHAPTER XXI / 95
CHAMBER OF ACCOUNTS / 95
Article 216: Duties / 95
Article 217: Meetings and reimbursements / 95
Article 218: Proceedings ‑ Minutes of meetings / 95
Rule 219: Relations of the President with the General Chapter / 95
Title IV / 96
ORGANIZATION OF THE ORDER / 96
CHAPTER I / 96
LEGAL ENTITIES / 96
Article 220: Legal personality of Melita entities / 96
Article 221: Acquisition of legal personality in accordance with national legislation / 96
CHAPTER II / 96
THE GREAT PRIORITIES AND PRIORITIES / 96
Article 222: Establishment of Grand Priories and Priories / 96
Article 223: Approval of the statutes of the Priories / 96
Article 224: Appointment of the first Prior and of the members of the Chapter / 96
Article 225: Duties of the Prior / 96
Article 226: Meetings and Spiritual Exercises of the Priory / 97
Article 227: Priority Administrative Report / 97
CHAPTER III / 97
THE GREAT PRIORITIES AND PRIORITIES / 97
Article 228: Chapter / 97
CHAPTER IV / 97
NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS / 97
Article 229: Purpose / 97
Article 230: Membership / 97
Article 231: Conditions of establishment / 98
CHAPTER V / 98
DELEGATIONS / 98
Rule 232: Establishment of a Delegation / 98
CHAPTER VI / 98
CHURCHES OF THE ORDER / 98
Article 233: Churches and Oratories / 98
Article 234: Chaplains of Churches and Oratories / 98
Article 235: Canonical visit of Churches and Oratories / 98
CHAPTER VII / 99
WORKS OF THE ORDER / 99
Article 236: Obsequium pauperum / 99
Article 237: Organization of Obsequium pauperum / 99
Article 238: International collaboration / 100
Article 239: The suborganizations of the Associations or of the Priorates for the accomplishment of the Works of the Order / 100
CHAPTER VIII / 100
COMMUNICATION / 100
Article 240: Communication Council / 100
Article 241: Duties and meetings of the Communication Council / 101
CHAPTER IX / 101
EMBLEM / 101
Article 242: Emblem of the Works of Order / 101
PART IV / 102
SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND GENERIS / 102
TITLE I / 102
GENERAL PART / 102
1. Subject of international law / 102
2. Categories of subjects of international law / 102
TITLE II / 104
HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS DEFINING THE LEGAL PERSONALITY OF THE ORDER / 104
CHAPTER I / 104
BULA PIE POSTULATIO VOLUNTATISV / 104
CHAPTER II / 106
PERFECT PERIOD OF FEUDAL CONDITION, NOBLE AND UNCOMFORTABLE OF CHARGES OF THE MALTESE ARCHIPELAGO AND TRIPOLI, ISSUED BY THE EMPEROR CAROL QUINTUL / 106
CHAPTER III / 113
DOCUMENTS ISSUED IN RELATION TO THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC / 113
CHAPTER IV / 117
MELITAN LAW / 117
TITLE III RELATIONSHIP WITH THE HOLY SEAT / 120
TITLE IV SOVEREIGNTY / 121
TITLE VI / 126
ELEMENTS OF EXPRESSION OF POLITICAL SOVEREIGNTY / 126
CHAPTER I / 126
CITIZENSHIP / 126
CHAPTER II / 127
PASSPORTS / 127
CHAPTER III / 127
CURRENCY / 127
CHAPTER IV / 129
VEHICLE ENTRY PLATES / 129
CHAPTER V / 129
POSTAL SERVICE AND STAMPS / 129
CHAPTER VI / 130
MILITARY BODY / 130
PART V / 133
FOREIGN POLICY / 133
Title I / 133
GENERAL PART / 133
1. Foreign policy and analysis / 133
2. The qualified international actor / 133
Title II / 134
SPECIAL PART / 134
1. The impact of the international system on the Order / 134
2. Internal determinants / 135
3. The decision-making process / 135
Title III / 137
DIPLOMATIC NETWORK / 137
1. Bilateral relations / 137
2. Multilateral relations / 138
Title IV / 140
CHARITABLE DIPLOMACY ‑ HUMANITARIAN / 140
PART VI / 143
CHARITABLE ‑ HUMANITARIAN WORK OF ORDER / 143
Title I / 143
MALTEZ INTERNATIONAL - MALTEZ INTERNATIONAL AID SERVICE / 143
Title II / 145
CHARITARY ‑ HUMANITARIAN ACTIONS OF THE ORDER / 145
1. The Vietnam War - Vietnam / 145
2. The Lebanon War - Lebanon / 146
3. The Gulf War - Iraq and Kuwait / 146
4. The Congo Civil War - Democratic Republic of the Congo / 147
5. The Angolan Civil War: The Diamond War / 148
6. The Rwandan Civil War / 149
7. Sudan Civil War - Sudan, South Sudan / 149
8. The Yugoslav Wars - Former Yugoslavia / 150
a) Albania / 151
b) Bosnia and Herzegovina / 151
c) Serbia / 152
d) Kosovo / 153
e) Montenegro / 154
f) Macedonia / 154
9. The war in Afghanistan - Afghanistan / 154
Title III / 155
ORDER AND OPERATION, IN FIGURES / 155
PART VII / 157
ORDER, IN ROMANIA / 157
Title I / 157
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE ORDER WITH THE ROMANIAN STATE / 157
Title II / 160
ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION OF MEMBERS OF THE MILITARY SOVEREIGN ORDER OF MALTA / 160
Title III / 161
MALTESE AID SERVICE IN ROMANIA AND ITS WORKS / 161
Title IV / 162
IMPLEMENTED PROGRAMS / 162
1. Programs for children / 162
2. Programs for people with disabilities / 164
3. Programs for the elderly / 165
4. Programs for the Roma community / 166
5. Programs for other vulnerable categories / 167
6. First aid programs / 168
7. Spiritual activities / 169
8. Disaster response programs / 170
PART A VIII / 172
CURRENT AFFAIRS FILE / 172
Title I / 172
GENERAL DEFINITION OF AN ORDER / 172
Title II / 172
ORDERS OF SAINT JOHN OF JERUSALEM / 172
1. The Bailiff of Brandenburg of St. John / 173
2. Order of St. John of the Netherlands / 173
3. Order of St. John of Sweden / 174
4. The Venerable Order of St. John / 174
Title III / 174
THE KNIGHTLY ORDERS RECOGNIZED BY THE HOLY SEAT / 174
Title IV / 175
MEDICINE, FUNDAMENTAL TRAIT / 175
Title V / 181
MEMBER STATUS OF THE ORDER IN THE COMPANY: COMPATIBILITIES AND RESTRICTIONS / 181
Title VI / 182
ORDER REFORM: AMENDMENT AND COMPLETION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHARTER AND CODE / 182
PART IX / 184
TITLES AND DISTINCTIVE ELEMENTS OF THE ORDER / 184
Title I / 184
DISTINCTIVE TITLES AND RIBBONS OF MEMBERSHIP ORDER / 184
I. First Class (Knights of Justice and Conventual Monk Chaplains) / 184
II. Second Class (Knights and Ladies in Obedience) / 186
III. Third Class / 186
Title II 191
DISTINCTIVE TITLES AND RIBBONS OF THE PRO MERITO MELITENSI HONORARY ORDER / 191
I. Colanul Ordinului Pro Merito Melitensi / 191
II. Cross of the Order Pro Merito Melitensi / 191
III. Medal of the Order of Merit Melitensi / 194
Title III / 196
CLOTHING / 197
PART X / 203
THE AGREEMENTS CONCLUDED BETWEEN ROMANIA AND THE SOVEREIGN MILITARY ORDER OF MALTA / 203
Title I / 203
COOPERATION AGREEMENT FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE, CONCLUDED ON 11 MARCH 2002/203
Title II / 204
COOPERATION AGREEMENT IN THE FIELD OF POSTAL SERVICES, CONCLUDED ON 9 JUNE 2011/204
Title III / 206
COOPERATION AGREEMENT, CONCLUDED ON MAY 11, 2018/206
PART XI / 210
CONCLUSIONS / 210
PART XII / 214
ANNEXES / 214
Title I / 214
MASTERS AND GRAND MASTERS OF THE ORDER / 214
Title II / 217
CONFLICTS IN WHICH THE ORDER WAS PART / 217
PART XIII ‑ A / 224
ENGLISH SELECTIVE TRANSLATION / 224
Title I / 224
INTRODUCTION / 224
Title II / 228
SOVEREIGNITY OF THE ORDER / 228
Title III / 232
THE BULL PIE POSTULATIO VOLNTATIS: THE FIRST DOCUMENT DEFINING THE ORDER’S LEGAL PERSONALITY / 232
Title IV / 233
THE SOURCE OF THE ORDER’S SOVEREIGNITY: THE PRINCELY SOVEREIGNITY / 233
Title V / 234
FOREIGN POLICY / 234
Chapter I / 234
THE GENERAL PART / 234
1. Foreign policy and its analysis / 234
2. Qualified international actor / 235
Chapter II / 235
THE SPECIAL PART / 235
1. The impact of the international system on the Order / 236
2. Internal determinants / 236
3. The decision ‑ making process / 237
Chapter III / 238
THE DIPLOMATIC NETWORK / 238
Title VI / 239
THE ORDER’S CHARITABLE AND HUMANITARIAN WORK / 239
Chapter I / 239
MALTESER INTERNATIONAL - THE ORDER OF MALTA’S WORLDWIDE RELIEF AGENCY / 239
Chapter II / 241
THE CHARITABLE ‑ HUMANITARIAN ACTIVITIES OF THE ORDER / 241
Chapter III / 242
Title VII / 248
THE ORDER, IN ROMANIA / 248
Chapter I / 248
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE ORDER WITH THE ROMANIAN STATE / 248
Chapter II / 251
THE ROMANIAN ASSOCIATION OF MEMBERS OF THE SOVEREIGN MILITARY ORDER OF MALTA / 251
Chapter III / 252
THE ROMANIAN MALTESE RELIEF SERVICE AND ITS WORKS / 252
BIBLIOGRAPHY / 254
I welcome Marius Mitrea’s book on the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta. His endeavour is particularly welcome as it is the first work in Romanian that spans from historical to Institutional considerations, from administrative structures to the paramount activities of the Order in Romania through its relief organisation SAMR. Although based on Romanian institutional sources as well as official documents of the Order, the volume contains facts, events, judgements and evaluations autonomously expressed by the author. This makes it a truly independent work. After almost 90 years of diplomatic relations between Romania and the Sovereign Order of Malta, it represents a valid contribution in order to clarify historical facts, disband mythology and, above all, describe the humanitarian diplomacy and activities performed by the members of the Order and its volunteers.
Many books, in many countries in fact, focus either on the history or the activities of the Order of Malta, or the mythology surrounding both the history and the role of the Order.
Mitrea’s work, on the other hand, has the merit of swiftly navigating from juridical considerations based on facts and documents, to milestones of the history of the Order. From administrative procedures and organisation to the core activity of humanitarian diplomacy and works performed by the members of the Order and the relief organisation around the world. It is a helicopter view but accurate enough not to become superficial.
This work does not provide a detailed analysis of a specific theme but rather forms a good, documented guide for the reader across all of these themes. As the author says it is a sincere endeavour in the etymologic sense of the word “sine cera” (without wax). It is a genuine product that I had several chances to discuss with the Author. I praise here not only the book but Mr. Mitrea, his diligence in interpreting some complexities in the history of the Order and his perseverance to review, yet another document.
The book also describes the relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and its local relief organisation (Serviciul de Ajutor Maltez în Romania – SAMR) with Romania. It summarises its humanitarian activities performed by over 1500 volunteers, approximately 90 employees and 20 knights over 17 branches across the country at present.
I am convinced that this book sheds a welcome fact based light on the Order, beyond any misinformed mythology and sometimes, unwelcome misrepresentations. It helps to clearly state who we are, what we do, what we stand for, and what are the recognised, institutional, accredited organisations that form the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta.
Marius Cătălin Mitrea’s work can be used by the reader to acquire a quick general knowledge of the Order of Malta and the ways it operates in Romania and elsewhere.
It can also be used to understand the humanitarian work done by SAMR in Romania and how this can be further developed via a strategic partnership with Romanian authorities and institutions and the general public.
Last but not least, the work can be an informed starting point for deeper studies on the role of the Sovereign Order in Romania and in Central Europe in general.
Approaching the third year of my mandate as Ambassador of the Order to Romania, I have been privileged to write these opening remarks and to share the appreciation of a senior Ambassador, such as HE Mr Cazaban, for this interesting and comprehensive book.
Roberto MUSNECI
Ambassador of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in Romania
Many books, in many countries in fact, focus either on the history or the activities of the Order of Malta, or the mythology surrounding both the history and the role of the Order.
Mitrea’s work, on the other hand, has the merit of swiftly navigating from juridical considerations based on facts and documents, to milestones of the history of the Order. From administrative procedures and organisation to the core activity of humanitarian diplomacy and works performed by the members of the Order and the relief organisation around the world. It is a helicopter view but accurate enough not to become superficial.
This work does not provide a detailed analysis of a specific theme but rather forms a good, documented guide for the reader across all of these themes. As the author says it is a sincere endeavour in the etymologic sense of the word “sine cera” (without wax). It is a genuine product that I had several chances to discuss with the Author. I praise here not only the book but Mr. Mitrea, his diligence in interpreting some complexities in the history of the Order and his perseverance to review, yet another document.
The book also describes the relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and its local relief organisation (Serviciul de Ajutor Maltez în Romania – SAMR) with Romania. It summarises its humanitarian activities performed by over 1500 volunteers, approximately 90 employees and 20 knights over 17 branches across the country at present.
I am convinced that this book sheds a welcome fact based light on the Order, beyond any misinformed mythology and sometimes, unwelcome misrepresentations. It helps to clearly state who we are, what we do, what we stand for, and what are the recognised, institutional, accredited organisations that form the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta.
Marius Cătălin Mitrea’s work can be used by the reader to acquire a quick general knowledge of the Order of Malta and the ways it operates in Romania and elsewhere.
It can also be used to understand the humanitarian work done by SAMR in Romania and how this can be further developed via a strategic partnership with Romanian authorities and institutions and the general public.
Last but not least, the work can be an informed starting point for deeper studies on the role of the Sovereign Order in Romania and in Central Europe in general.
Approaching the third year of my mandate as Ambassador of the Order to Romania, I have been privileged to write these opening remarks and to share the appreciation of a senior Ambassador, such as HE Mr Cazaban, for this interesting and comprehensive book.
Roberto MUSNECI
Ambassador of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in Romania
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