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Jews from Neamţ, Roman and Bacău counties during the Antonescu government in the period 1940-1944
![Jews from Neamţ, Roman and Bacău counties during the Antonescu government in the period 1940-1944 [1]](https://gomagcdn.ro/domains/editurauniversitara.ro/files/product/original/evreii-din-judetele-neamt-roman-si-bacau-in-timpul-guvernarii-antonescu-in-perioada-1940-1944-976791.jpg "Jews from Neamţ, Roman and Bacău counties during the Antonescu government in the period 1940-1944 [1]")
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Publisher: Editura Universitară
Author: Emanuel Bălan
Edition: I
Publisher year: 2025
Pages: 506
ISBN: 978-606-28-1974-3
DOI: 10.5682/9786062819743
Product Code:
9786062819743
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List of abbreviations/10
Preface/11
Introduction/17
Chapter I: From integration to exclusion and the Holocaust/34
I.1. Brief history of the Jewish communities in Neamţ, Roman and Bacău counties /34
I.2. Jews in Romania during 1938-1941. Legislative and administrative aspects/51
I.3. The Antonescu military regime 1941-1944 and anti-Jewish legislative measures/57
I.4. Zionism, emigration and the communist movement/65
I.5. State of mind and attitude towards the authorities. Jews under the magnifying glass of Tanti Varvara/76
I.6. Evolution of the Jewish population during 1940-1944/85
Chapter II. Community activity/94
II.1. Organization and management of communities/94
II.2. Jewish educational institutions/107
II.2.1. Schools in Târgu Ocna and Bacău/110
II.2.2. Schools in Roman/119
II.2.3. Schools in Neamţ County/124â
II.2.4. Talmud Thora in Bacău/127
II.3. Religious and cultural life/128
II.4. Social assistance/135
II.4.1. Social canteens. Homes and orphanages/138
II.4.2. Cash, clothing, heating and judicial assistance/145
II.5. Health assistance/149
II.5.1. "Materna" Hospital in Bacău/152
II.5.2. Bacău Dispensary/153
Chapter III. Restrictive measures taken against Jews/156
III.1. Prohibitions and discriminatory actions/159
III.2. Extortions and dispossessions of property/162
III.3. Romanianization of Jewish property/166
III.3.1. Romanianization of real estate/171
III.3.2. Romanianization of land properties/175
III.3.3. Romanianization of factories and mills/180
III.3.4. Romanianization of community properties/182
III.4.5. Replacement of specialists/186
III.4. Imposition of the distinctive sign/191
III.5. Peddling and defeatism/194
III.6. Travel bans/197
III.7. Speculation and economic sabotage /201
Chapter IV. Taxes, contributions and compulsory labour/205
IV.1. Contributions in money/206
IV.2. Collections of sanitary equipment and clothing/209
IV.3. Exemption fees from public service work and other contributions/212
IV.4. Compulsory labour. General framework/215
IV.4.1. Local detachments/221
IV.4.2. External detachments/234
IV.4.3. Labour of women and children/245
IV.5. Evasion from compulsory labour/250
IV.6. Aid sent to labour detachments/258
Chapter V. Evacuation, deportation, solidarity and non-forgetfulness/269
V.1. Evacuation of Jews/269
V.2. Internment camps. The Târgu Jiu and Caracal camps/280
V.3. Detention in cities/284
V.4. Evacuation and refuge of Jews in 1944/296
V.5. Deportation and work in Transnistria/300
V.6. Bringing orphans from Transnistria/307
V.7. Native Jews from the three counties deported to Auschwitz/311
V.8. Examples of solidarity: Righteous among peoples/314
V.9. Shoah! To know and not to forget, so as not to repeat/320
Conclusions/334
Appendices/338
Bibliography/487
In a famous collection of essays published in 1931, Paul Valéry pessimistically noted, among other things, that “history feeds history,” that “it is the most dangerous product that the chemistry of the intellect has developed,” and that “it justifies what we want.” Unfortunately, the reflections of the famous French symbolist poet and philosopher are true when history is written in a manipulative manner and transformed into a kind of mythology that either justifies unjust actions or the failures of individual or collective entities, including peoples. However, there are also honest historians who write history mainly on the basis of documents, keeping in mind and respecting Tacitus’s old wish, “without hatred and bias.” Works written in this way offer a correct understanding of the past and offer solutions for (re)establishing trust, tolerance, and mutual respect between people.
Moreover, the very existence of these tragedies of Romanian Jews was denied, despite the documentary evidence published, for example, by Matatias Carp in Romania, within the 3 volumes of the Black Book (1946-1948) or by Jean Ancel in the 12 volumes of documents published in New York in 1986. Gradually, after 1990, a series of memoirs, collections of documents or scientific works appeared in Romania that certified the existence of the pre-Holocaust and the Holocaust here (and not only in Transnistria!), edited, edited or written by a series of prestigious names such as Jean Ancel, Viorel Achim, Lya Benjamin, Alexandru Duțu, Iaacov Geller, Carol Iancu, Radu Ioanid, Michael Shafir, Ottmar Trașcă and others.
Mr. Emanuel V. Bălan has the merit of inserting his own historical research in this book within the paradigm used by these famous authors, additionally introducing a considerable amount of unpublished documents and offering a series of personal conclusions that are simultaneously interesting and relevant.
His research is part of a sine qua non desiderata and a general necessity of Romanian society in the 21st century: liberation from the ghosts, anxieties and false myths of the 20th century and entry into the direction of a normal development, untainted by the past, of this.
Mr. Emanuel Bălan, graduate of the Faculty of History and Geography of the "Ștefan cel Mare" University of Suceava, doctor in history of the same institution, currently deputy director of the "Vasile Conta" High School and president of the "Pro Democrația" Association, Club Târgu-Neamț is not at the first scientific attempt dedicated to the history of the Jews in Moldova. From his impressive portfolio of published scientific works (11 books, 7 coordinated volumes, 79 studies and articles), he dedicated a book to the history of the Jews of Târgu Neamț (Bucharest, Hasefer Publishing House, 2019) and no less than 26 studies and articles dedicated to the Jews of Neamț, Roman and Bacău counties, the Jews of Bukovina from the interwar period, the Jewish press in Greater Romania and from the time of the Antonescu regime, the anti-Jewish economic legislation in Romania from 1934-1944, the philanthropic activity of the Jewish community in Romania from 1941-1944, etc.
Particularly involved in studying the history of Jewish communities in Romania, Mr. Emanuel Bălan participated in August 2010 in an international training course at the famous "The International School for Holocaust Studies Jerusalem" and on June 15, 2016 he received the Medal of Honor Friend of the Jewish Communities in Romania.
The final product of the research from which this book resulted was first presented in 2023 in the form of a doctoral thesis defended at the "Ștefan cel Mare" University of Suceava, coordinated by the signatory of this preface.
It consists of five balanced, well-written and carefully structured chapters, summarized very succinctly in the following.
The work to which I had the honor of signing this Preface fully deserves the gratitude of readers in love with History and Truth. In the current complicated and, in places, desolate geocultural landscape that Romania is now crossing, Mr. Emanuel Bălan's book has a double scientific merit: it objectively reconstructs a sad, shameful page from the 20th century of Romanian history and categorically opposes conspiracy theories (both deeply false and extremely harmful!) related to the tragic history of the Jews in Romania. To return to Paul Valéry, we consider that this book "fuels" the writing of objective works of history, which should not poison souls, but awaken in them the flame of tolerance and love for one's neighbor.
The moral merit of this book lies in promoting the Truth. Let us not forget that, regardless of the religion assumed, or the denial of belonging to any of the religions, only the Truth can set us free.
Last but not least, I would like to thank Professor Florin Pintescu for the beautiful words in the preface, but also for the advice and guidance he provided in writing this work.
Moreover, the very existence of these tragedies of Romanian Jews was denied, despite the documentary evidence published, for example, by Matatias Carp in Romania, within the 3 volumes of the Black Book (1946-1948) or by Jean Ancel in the 12 volumes of documents published in New York in 1986. Gradually, after 1990, a series of memoirs, collections of documents or scientific works appeared in Romania that certified the existence of the pre-Holocaust and the Holocaust here (and not only in Transnistria!), edited, edited or written by a series of prestigious names such as Jean Ancel, Viorel Achim, Lya Benjamin, Alexandru Duțu, Iaacov Geller, Carol Iancu, Radu Ioanid, Michael Shafir, Ottmar Trașcă and others.
Mr. Emanuel V. Bălan has the merit of inserting his own historical research in this book within the paradigm used by these famous authors, additionally introducing a considerable amount of unpublished documents and offering a series of personal conclusions that are simultaneously interesting and relevant.
His research is part of a sine qua non desiderata and a general necessity of Romanian society in the 21st century: liberation from the ghosts, anxieties and false myths of the 20th century and entry into the direction of a normal development, untainted by the past, of this.
Mr. Emanuel Bălan, graduate of the Faculty of History and Geography of the "Ștefan cel Mare" University of Suceava, doctor in history of the same institution, currently deputy director of the "Vasile Conta" High School and president of the "Pro Democrația" Association, Club Târgu-Neamț is not at the first scientific attempt dedicated to the history of the Jews in Moldova. From his impressive portfolio of published scientific works (11 books, 7 coordinated volumes, 79 studies and articles), he dedicated a book to the history of the Jews of Târgu Neamț (Bucharest, Hasefer Publishing House, 2019) and no less than 26 studies and articles dedicated to the Jews of Neamț, Roman and Bacău counties, the Jews of Bukovina from the interwar period, the Jewish press in Greater Romania and from the time of the Antonescu regime, the anti-Jewish economic legislation in Romania from 1934-1944, the philanthropic activity of the Jewish community in Romania from 1941-1944, etc.
Particularly involved in studying the history of Jewish communities in Romania, Mr. Emanuel Bălan participated in August 2010 in an international training course at the famous "The International School for Holocaust Studies Jerusalem" and on June 15, 2016 he received the Medal of Honor Friend of the Jewish Communities in Romania.
The final product of the research from which this book resulted was first presented in 2023 in the form of a doctoral thesis defended at the "Ștefan cel Mare" University of Suceava, coordinated by the signatory of this preface.
It consists of five balanced, well-written and carefully structured chapters, summarized very succinctly in the following.
The work to which I had the honor of signing this Preface fully deserves the gratitude of readers in love with History and Truth. In the current complicated and, in places, desolate geocultural landscape that Romania is now crossing, Mr. Emanuel Bălan's book has a double scientific merit: it objectively reconstructs a sad, shameful page from the 20th century of Romanian history and categorically opposes conspiracy theories (both deeply false and extremely harmful!) related to the tragic history of the Jews in Romania. To return to Paul Valéry, we consider that this book "fuels" the writing of objective works of history, which should not poison souls, but awaken in them the flame of tolerance and love for one's neighbor.
The moral merit of this book lies in promoting the Truth. Let us not forget that, regardless of the religion assumed, or the denial of belonging to any of the religions, only the Truth can set us free.
Last but not least, I would like to thank Professor Florin Pintescu for the beautiful words in the preface, but also for the advice and guidance he provided in writing this work.
Prof. Florin Pintescu
"Ștefan cel Mare" University of Suceava
"Ștefan cel Mare" University of Suceava
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