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Dilemmas of divine predestination. An analysis of the ideas of freedom and predestination in Jean Calvin
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Publisher: Editura Universitara
Author: Teofil Popescu
Edition: I
Pages: 292
Publisher year: 2024
ISBN: 978-606-28-1838-8
DOI: 10.5682/9786062818388
Product Code:
9786062818388
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Dilemmas of divine predestination. An analysis of the ideas of freedom and predestination in Jean Calvin
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TEOFIL POPESCU was born in Târgoviște, on April 16, 1981. He graduated in theology in 2013, he has a master's degree in theology in 2015, and in 2022 he obtained his doctorate in philosophy at the University of Bucharest. He is married to Alina and together they have three children: Sara, Natanael and Marta. He currently serves as a pastor and is passionate about reading, classical music and jazz.
List of abbreviations / 7
Abbreviation of books from Holy Scripture / 8
Foreword / 9
Introduction / 11
I. The place of theme in universal thinking / 11
II. Theme in medieval thought / 13
III. Reference works on the subject / 19
IV. The purpose of the paper / 24
V. Research method / 26
Chapter 1 – Anthropology in Jean Calvin / 29
1.1. Short biography of Jean Calvin / 29
1.2. Calvin between Augustine and Luther / 35
1.3. Man before the Fall – imago Dei / 44
1.4. Man after the Fall – horrenda deformitas / 64
1.5. Conclusions / 73
Chapter 2 – Brief look at the Five Theses of Calvinism – TULIP / 75
2.1. The historical context of the birth of the five theses / 75
2.2. Total depravity / 79
2.3. The unconditional choice / 81
2.4. Limited atonement / 90
2.5. Irresistible grace / 96
2.6. Perseverance of the saints / 105
2.7. Conclusions / 111
Chapter 3 – The concept of free will / 113
3.1. Moral incapacity – Total depravity / 113
3.1.1. Aristotelian definition of deliberate choice / 116
3.1.2. Opposition to the Church Fathers / 125
3.2. Effective Secret Call – Irresistible Grace / 132
3.3. The relationship between will and faith / 146
3.3.1. How does regeneration take place? / 146
3.3.1.1. The relationship between grace and will / 146
3.3.1.2. The relationship between faith and regeneration / 158
3.3.2. How is faith born in man? / 173
3.3.2.1. How does the Holy Spirit work in man? / 173
3.3.2.2. Definition of faith / 174
3.3.3. What is regeneration? / 188
3.3.3.1. The relationship between faith and the Word / 188
3.3.3.2. Effects of regeneration / 193
3.3.4. Conclusions / 204
Chapter 4 – The concept of predestination / 211
4.1. Divine Providence / 212
4.2. Unconditional choice - decretum absolutum / 229
4.3. Conclusions / 250
Chapter 5 – Conclusions / 261
Summary and reassessment / 261
Research perspectives / 266
Bibliography / 281
Abbreviation of books from Holy Scripture / 8
Foreword / 9
Introduction / 11
I. The place of theme in universal thinking / 11
II. Theme in medieval thought / 13
III. Reference works on the subject / 19
IV. The purpose of the paper / 24
V. Research method / 26
Chapter 1 – Anthropology in Jean Calvin / 29
1.1. Short biography of Jean Calvin / 29
1.2. Calvin between Augustine and Luther / 35
1.3. Man before the Fall – imago Dei / 44
1.4. Man after the Fall – horrenda deformitas / 64
1.5. Conclusions / 73
Chapter 2 – Brief look at the Five Theses of Calvinism – TULIP / 75
2.1. The historical context of the birth of the five theses / 75
2.2. Total depravity / 79
2.3. The unconditional choice / 81
2.4. Limited atonement / 90
2.5. Irresistible grace / 96
2.6. Perseverance of the saints / 105
2.7. Conclusions / 111
Chapter 3 – The concept of free will / 113
3.1. Moral incapacity – Total depravity / 113
3.1.1. Aristotelian definition of deliberate choice / 116
3.1.2. Opposition to the Church Fathers / 125
3.2. Effective Secret Call – Irresistible Grace / 132
3.3. The relationship between will and faith / 146
3.3.1. How does regeneration take place? / 146
3.3.1.1. The relationship between grace and will / 146
3.3.1.2. The relationship between faith and regeneration / 158
3.3.2. How is faith born in man? / 173
3.3.2.1. How does the Holy Spirit work in man? / 173
3.3.2.2. Definition of faith / 174
3.3.3. What is regeneration? / 188
3.3.3.1. The relationship between faith and the Word / 188
3.3.3.2. Effects of regeneration / 193
3.3.4. Conclusions / 204
Chapter 4 – The concept of predestination / 211
4.1. Divine Providence / 212
4.2. Unconditional choice - decretum absolutum / 229
4.3. Conclusions / 250
Chapter 5 – Conclusions / 261
Summary and reassessment / 261
Research perspectives / 266
Bibliography / 281
This work is a revised version of my doctoral thesis defended in 2022, at the Faculty of Philosophy in Bucharest, with the title Predestination and free will: Philosophical premises in the thought of Jean Calvin and represents the fruit of personal concerns and research, for the duration of better for ten years, research that began when I was a theology student. The concern for the subject was born in the background of the discussions in the Church where I serve as a pastor and in the wider context of the evangelical movement in Romania. I wanted very much to undertake such a step, first of all to find answers to the questions I had that were bothering me. Then, I wanted to document myself in view of the wider debate on the subject, from the evangelical movement everywhere. The doctrine of predestination has a special connotation in evangelical churches and in many cases it has taken on forms personalized to the local context. Lastly, I wanted to provide the general public with an insight into the thought of John Calvin and the controversy within the evangelical movement.
The research itself, in its current form, took seven years. In 2015, I started my doctoral studies, confident that they would not last very long. My initial expectations were that I would complete them within three to four years. Little did I know then what turn events in my life would take. I went through several stages, with long breaks, in which I didn't write anymore. During these periods I had to document myself thoroughly, in order to understand some of the subtleties of the theme. Then, a rather big challenge was to define the red thread that I was going to follow in my research. Being such a vast subject, I encountered many ideological intersections, which I had to address, without deviating from the proposed course. The completion of my doctoral research would not have been possible without the support and involvement of several people who have been close to me all these years.
I owe thanks to Rev. Prof. Univ. Dr. Wilhelm Dancă, who coordinated this work for me with great wisdom and patience. I am indebted to him for the advice and exchange of ideas I had during the research. I also want to thank the members of the guidance committee, Ms. Conf. Univ. Dr. Gabriela Blebea Nicolae, Mr. Prof. Conf. Univ. Dr. Lucian Dâncă and Mr. Pr. Lect. Univ. Dr. Victor Dumitrescu, for your observations and suggestions. Special thanks to Ms. Blebea, for explaining certain philosophical concepts and for the technical comments related to the writing.
I also thank the members of the support committee: the chairman of the committee, Mr. Acad. Prof. Univ. Dr. Mircea Dumitru, Mr. Prof. Univ. Dr. Anton Adămuț and Mr. Rev. Prof. Univ. Dr. Mihai Himcinschi, whose observations contributed to the final form of this paper.
Special thanks to Mr. Ps. Assoc. Univ. Dr. Emil Bartoș, from the Faculty of Baptist Theology in Bucharest, who piqued my interest and opened my horizons for this research. I am indebted to him for the advice and discussions during the master's studies, which he also coordinated for me, after which I decided to follow this doctoral program. I am also grateful to him for his suggestions during my doctoral studies, suggestions that helped me define my research framework.
As a husband and parent I am indebted to my loved ones for their support and understanding. To my wife, Alina, for understanding my academic concerns and constantly supporting me when it was difficult. Her sacrifice has been unspeakably great all these years. To my children, Sara, Natanael and Marta, because sometimes they sat next to me with interest and watched me write, asking me questions. This fact was a real moral support in difficult moments. I wrote between my family duties and the pastoral work to which God called me.
Above all and before all, I thank God, who supported me and gave me the strength to write this work. I wrote more at night, in the quiet hours, with fear, in a spirit of constant meditation and prayer, asking Him for grace and wisdom, lest I should write something that would dishonor and grieve Him. While I am aware that it has its limitations, this work is ultimately about Him and dedicated to Him. At the same time, I want it to be of real use to all who will read it, and I hope that it will help many to find answers to some of their questions.
Soli Deo gloria August 22, 2024, Târgoviște
The research itself, in its current form, took seven years. In 2015, I started my doctoral studies, confident that they would not last very long. My initial expectations were that I would complete them within three to four years. Little did I know then what turn events in my life would take. I went through several stages, with long breaks, in which I didn't write anymore. During these periods I had to document myself thoroughly, in order to understand some of the subtleties of the theme. Then, a rather big challenge was to define the red thread that I was going to follow in my research. Being such a vast subject, I encountered many ideological intersections, which I had to address, without deviating from the proposed course. The completion of my doctoral research would not have been possible without the support and involvement of several people who have been close to me all these years.
I owe thanks to Rev. Prof. Univ. Dr. Wilhelm Dancă, who coordinated this work for me with great wisdom and patience. I am indebted to him for the advice and exchange of ideas I had during the research. I also want to thank the members of the guidance committee, Ms. Conf. Univ. Dr. Gabriela Blebea Nicolae, Mr. Prof. Conf. Univ. Dr. Lucian Dâncă and Mr. Pr. Lect. Univ. Dr. Victor Dumitrescu, for your observations and suggestions. Special thanks to Ms. Blebea, for explaining certain philosophical concepts and for the technical comments related to the writing.
I also thank the members of the support committee: the chairman of the committee, Mr. Acad. Prof. Univ. Dr. Mircea Dumitru, Mr. Prof. Univ. Dr. Anton Adămuț and Mr. Rev. Prof. Univ. Dr. Mihai Himcinschi, whose observations contributed to the final form of this paper.
Special thanks to Mr. Ps. Assoc. Univ. Dr. Emil Bartoș, from the Faculty of Baptist Theology in Bucharest, who piqued my interest and opened my horizons for this research. I am indebted to him for the advice and discussions during the master's studies, which he also coordinated for me, after which I decided to follow this doctoral program. I am also grateful to him for his suggestions during my doctoral studies, suggestions that helped me define my research framework.
As a husband and parent I am indebted to my loved ones for their support and understanding. To my wife, Alina, for understanding my academic concerns and constantly supporting me when it was difficult. Her sacrifice has been unspeakably great all these years. To my children, Sara, Natanael and Marta, because sometimes they sat next to me with interest and watched me write, asking me questions. This fact was a real moral support in difficult moments. I wrote between my family duties and the pastoral work to which God called me.
Above all and before all, I thank God, who supported me and gave me the strength to write this work. I wrote more at night, in the quiet hours, with fear, in a spirit of constant meditation and prayer, asking Him for grace and wisdom, lest I should write something that would dishonor and grieve Him. While I am aware that it has its limitations, this work is ultimately about Him and dedicated to Him. At the same time, I want it to be of real use to all who will read it, and I hope that it will help many to find answers to some of their questions.
Soli Deo gloria August 22, 2024, Târgoviște
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