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Editura Universitara Compendium of Soil - Razvan Oprea

33,00 Lei

ISBN: 978-606-591-832-0

DOI: 10.5682/9786065918320

Publisher year: 2013

Edition: II, revizuita

Pages: 226

Publisher: Editura Universitara

Author: Razvan Oprea

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For some, at first sight, the three notions of soil, pedology and pedogeography, which patronize the content of this paper have a limited meaning as an area of ​​interest and understanding, frequently referring to the knowledge of some aspects of the dominant agricultural use. In reality, their meaning is extremely complex because they synthesize systems of connections acquired spatially and temporally between the components of the environment and which, render a diversity of structural, functional, theoretical and practical aspects.
The image of a soil profile, a pojghita of 0.5 - 2 m of mineral and organic matter in which the plants develop their roots and which has a more or less continuous development at the top of the earth's crust, represents a brief, insignificant facet. of reality. It must first be seen as part of a local, regional, zonal, distinct unit that has a certain composition, properties, history and importance not only for living things, but also for the geographical environment, regardless of the scale at which it is pursued.
Through its position at the contact between relief, rock, water, air, living and by framing in a space of interference a set of extremely varied relationships between them, on the one hand and those dictated by the development of human society, on the other on the other hand, the soil is the most eloquent natural element, which reflects not only the type of environment but also its functional and dynamic state, as well as the level of evolution. So a unit that seems
"Singular", but which in reality synthesizes and reflects the essence of relationships in an environmental system.
These ideas underlie the writing of the book, the development by chapters and problems made by the author permanently demonstrating not the uniqueness but the complexity of this cover, whose distinction, naming and characterization in the composition of the geographical environment was marked only in the last century. the need for its rational protection and management.
The sequence of problems in the analyzes made during the 12 chapters is logical and in accordance with three ideas: a gradual knowledge through data accumulation (starting from the definition of fundamental notions, with clarifications on soil components, pedogenetic mechanism, soil properties and reaching zonal, regional and local differentiations); correlation of theoretical data (resulting from a good understanding of the literature and a fruitful experience in field and laboratory knowledge) on pedogenetic mechanisms, with syntheses regarding the spatial distribution (at the level of continental and Romanian surfaces) and the nomenclature used accordingly with the schools that generated it; the role of human pressure on the soil cover.
In this way it was ensured not only the understanding of the genetic complexity and the role of the soil cover (pedosphere), but also the increase of the number of those who are eager to know the complexity of the geographical environment systems, within which soils constitute the "essence".
The style corresponds to an outfit, the phrase is simple, fluent, with a load of scientific terminology that arouses interest and allows an easy understanding. Moreover, in order to concretize various situations, the author uses tables, diagrams, maps, profiles and photographs, with a distinct value background, which not only supports the statements in the text, but often represents starting points in new approaches.
The paper, although it is intended to be a compendium, in reality, through the richness of information and the complex way of treatment far exceeds this level being primarily a master book for students and teachers, in understanding and deepening a field of data and problems more uncommon, but absolutely necessary to understand the complexity of environmental systems. They are joined by specialists from other fields who have connections with environmental analysis and whose directions cannot be viable without perceiving, on the one hand, the significance of the soil as a synthesis of relationships of natural elements acquired over time, and on the other in judging correctly. the position of human society's actions towards its use.
Her writing is done by a young geographer with a specialized training and who has completed a doctoral thesis in full agreement with the interrelationist ideas specific to the environment-society relationship. The road to this work was an ascending one, with many articles, studies or contributions to topics from various geography contracts. All these allowed him to elaborate smaller works in the field of pedogeography, with importance for the preparation of students, as well as notebooks of practical works and syntheses regarding the types of soils in Romania and on the Globe. Here are some reasons why I am happy to recommend this contribution, being also confident in the achievements that will follow.

Prof. univ. Dr. Mihai IELENICZ
Razvan Oprea

RAZVAN OPREA graduated in Geography, University of Bucharest in 1996, covering all grades of staff to the associate professor in 2009.
Ph.D. in geography in 2004. The thesis was published in 2005 in Bucharest University Publishing House ("mountain basin of Prahova. Study of potential natural and anthropogenic impact on the landscape").
Membership in professional organizations: National Society of Soil Science Romanian, Romania geographical Society, Association of Romania Geomorphology Research Center - land degradation and dynamic geomorphology.
Alone or in collaboration made books ("Dictionary of physical geography," "Physical Geography of Romania. Climate, water, vegetation, soils," "soils in the world", "Compendium of Soil", etc..), Maps, special articles and popular (over 70 published materials), documentation for research contracts and participated in numerous symposia and scientific sessions of the country or abroad (Algeria, Italy, Egypt, France).

Approach for knowledge / 7
Foreword / 9

PART I
SOIL - COMPOSITION, PEDOGENETIC FACTORS, PROCESSES, PROPERTIES. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY


CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY NOTIONS / 11
1.1. DEFINITION OF PEDOLOGY, PEDOGEOGRAPHY AND SOIL / 11
1.2. SOIL COMPONENT PARTS - GENERAL ASPECTS / 12
1.3. SOIL - ELEMENT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL LANDSCAPE AND NATURAL RESOURCE / 14
1.4. SOIL FUNCTIONS / 15

CHAPTER II. MINERAL SOLID MATTER / 17
2.1. PARENTAL ROCKS / 1
2.1.1. Classification of rocks by genesis / 17
2.1.2. Classification of rocks according to pedological criteria / 19
2.2. AGENTS AND PROCESSES FOR PARENTAL ROCK TRANSFORMATION / 20
2.2.1. Disaggregation of rocks / 20
2.2.2. Alteration / 22

CHAPTER III. ALTERATION BARK / 29
3.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. CONSTITUENTS / 29
3.2. DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF THE ALTERATION BARK / 31
3.3. GEOGRAPHICAL TYPES OF ALTERATION BARK / 32
3.4. SOLIFICATION DEPOSITS FROM ROMANIA / 33
3.4.1. Slope deposits and alteration barks / 33
3.4.2. Alluvial deposits / 34
3.4.3. Proluvial deposits / 35
3.4.4. The moraine deposits / 35
3.4.5. Wind farms / 35

CHAPTER IV. ORGANIC SOIL COMPONENT / 37
4.1. SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANIC SOIL COMPONENT / 37
4.2. TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC MATTER AND TYPES OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES / 38
4.3. HUMUS - TYPES, IMPORTANCE, METHODS OF ANALYSIS / 40
4.3.1. Types of humus / 40
4.3.2. The importance of humus in the soil / 42
4.3.3. Humus analysis methods / 43

CHAPTER V. WATER AND AIR IN THE SOIL / 45
5.1. SOIL LIQUID COMPONENT / 45
5.1.1. Soil water sources, specific forces and soil water forms; hydrophysical indices / 45
5.1.2. Soil water balance and water regime types / 55
5.2. SOIL GAS COMPONENT / 56
5.2.1. Condition and composition of soil air / 56
5.2.2. Soil properties for air, thermal properties and types of thermal regime of soils / 57

CHAPTER VI. SOIL RELATIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. SOIL PROFILE FORMATION / 59
6.1. NATURAL PEDOGENETIC FACTORS / 59
6.1.1. Lithological factor / 60
6.1.2. Climate factor / 61
6.1.3. Biological factor / 62
6.1.4. Geomorphological factor / 63
6.1.5. Water factor / 63
6.2. SOIL PROFILE FORMATION / 64
6.2.1. General aspects / 64
6.2.2. Pedogenetic processes / 68

CHAPTER VII. SOIL PROFILE COMPOSITION - MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES / 76
7.1. MAIN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL HORIZONS / 77
7.1.1. Soil color / 77
7.1.2. Soil structure / 80
7.1.3. Soil texture / 82
7.1.4. Soil skeleton / 86
7.1.5. Neoformations / 87
7.2. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS / 90
7.3. MAIN GROUND HORIZONS / 95
7.3.1. Organic horizons / 96
7.3.2. Mineral horizons / 96

CHAPTER VIII. SOIL CARTOGRAPHY ELEMENTS. SOIL RESEARCH ON THE FIELD. PEDODIVERSITY / 100
8.1. GENERAL ASPECTS / 100
8.2. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS / 102
8.3. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL PROFILE. SOIL AND MACROMONOLITE SAMPLING / 105
8.4. BOUNDARIES OF SOIL CARTOGRAPHIC UNITS / 108
8.5. TYPES OF PEDOLOGICAL MAPS ACCORDING TO SCALE / 109
8.6. PEDODIVERSITY / 111
8.6.1. Genetic pedodiversity / 111
8.6.2. Spatial pedodiversity / 113

PART II
SOIL GEOGRAPHY - TAXONOMIC ASPECTS, WORLD SOIL RESOURCES, ROMANIA'S SOIL RESOURCES

CHAPTER IX. ASPECTS REGARDING SOIL TAXONOMY
/ 115
9.1. CONCEPTS IN SOIL TAXONOMY / 115
9.2. NATURALIST CLASSIFICATION / 115
9.3. AMERICAN CLASSIFICATION / 116
9.4. FAO LEGEND ‑ UNESCO AND WORLD REFERENCE BASE FOR SOIL RESOURCES / 117
9.5. ROMANIAN CLASSIFICATION / 121

CHAPTER X. WORLD SOIL RESOURCES / 140
10.1. GEOGRAPHICAL LAWS OF SOIL SPREAD ON THE GLOBE / 140
10.2. SOILS WITH THICK ORGANIC HORIZON / 141
10.2.1. Histosols / 141
10.3. SOILS STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY / 142
10.3.1. Anthrosols / 142
10.3.2. Technosols / 143
10.4. SOILS WITH RESTRICTIONS FOR THE ENTRY OF ROOTS CAUSED BY PERMAFROST OR STONES / 143
10.4.1. Cryosols / 143
10.4.2. Leptosols / 144
10.5. SOILS INFLUENCED IN DIFFERENT FORMS BY WATER / 145
10.5.1. Vertisols / 145
10.5.2. Fluvisols / 147
10.5.3. Solonets / 148
10.5.4. Solonceacurile / 149
10.5.5. Gleisols / 150
10.6. SOILS INFLUENCED BY CHEMISTRY ALUMINUM / IRON / 151
10.6.1. Andosols / 151
10.6.2. Podzols / 152
10.6.3. Plinths / 154
10.6.4. Nitisols / 155
10.6.5. Feralsols / 156
10.7. SOILS FORMED BY WATER STAGNATION IN PROFILE / 158
10.7.1. Floors / 158
10.7.2. Stagnosols / 160
10.8. SOILS RICH IN HUMUS AND WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF SATURATION IN BASE / 160
10.8.1. Chernozems / 160
10.8.2. Chestanoids / 162
10.8.3. Phaeoziomes / 163
10.9. Soils from arid and semi-arid regions with accumulation of gypsum, silica or calcium carbonate / 164
10.9.1. Gypsisols / 164
10.9.2. Durisols / 165
10.9.3.Calcisols / 166
10.10. SOILS WITH INTERMEDIATE HORIZON ENRICHED IN CLAY / 167
10.10.1. Albeluvisols / 167
10.10.2. Alisols / 168
10.10.3. Acrisols / 169
10.10.4. Luvisols / 170
10.10.5. Lixisols / 171
10.11. RELATIVELY YOUNG SOILS OR SOILS WITH A WEAK DIFFERENTIATED PROFILE / 173
10.11.1. Umbrisols / 173
10.11.2. Arenosols / 174
10.11.3. Cambisols / 175
10.11.4. Regosols / 176
10.12. GREAT PEDOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS / 177
10.12.1. Holoboreal region / 179
10.12.2. Holotropical region / 179
10.12.3. Fragmoarid region / 182
10.12.4. Holoaustral region / 182

CHAPTER XI. THE SOIL RESOURCES OF ROMANIA / 185
11.1. RETROLOGICAL BRIEF OF SOIL RESEARCH IN ROMANIA / 185
11.2. GEOGRAPHICAL LAWS OF SOIL SPREAD IN ROMANIA / 186
11.3. SOIL ASSOCIATIONS / 190
11.3.1. Soils from the mountainous region of Romania / 191
11.3.2. Highly fragmented hills and plateaus / 195
11.3.3. Drained plains and poorly fragmented plateaus / 196
11.3.4. Plains not drained and poorly ‑ moderately drained / 197
11.3.5. Recent alluvial plains and well-developed meadows / 197
11.4. PEDOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONING OF THE ROMANIA TERRITORY / 198

CHAPTER XII. SUSTAINABLE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF SOIL AND LAND RESOURCES / 205
12.1. SOIL AS A NATURAL RESOURCE / 205
12.2. ECOLOGICAL SOIL GROUPS IN ROMANIA / 209
12.3. LAND USE CATEGORIES. LAND EVALUATION / 212
12.3.1. The land and its use / 212
12.3.2. Land valuation / 216
12.4. SOIL (LAND) DEGRADATION. WORLD SOIL CHARTER / 219

BIBLIOGRAPHY / 222

This work, the revised edition of the 2009 volume, aims to show the reader the soil, the one that unites the mineral world with the living and, about which one of the "fathers" of soil science, FA Fallou (1794-1877) said in 1862 that : "(…) Is the one who makes the land a friendly environment for humanity (…)". Indeed, being a real "crucible" for the realization of fertility components, for spontaneous or cultivated vegetation, the soil is vital to humanity.
It was followed, as it appears from the title (from the Latin compendere - to weigh together), the exposition of the notions in a synthetic, concise way, but at the same time ample enough to achieve an overview of this complex natural system, found on the surface of the earth's crust - "geoderm", resulting from the interaction with air, water and living organisms.
The paper is structured in two parts. In the first part are treated the knowledge regarding the soil composition, the factors and solification processes, the soil properties (morphological and chemical), but also the research methodology, emphasizing the elements related to soil cartography and pedodiversity assessment.
The second part is dedicated to soil geography. As knowledge evolved, in the field of soil science, there was a need to clarify the terms used at national or regional level, in order to generalize those appropriate to correlate pedological maps over large geographical areas, even to the scale of the entire globe. For this reason, the second part of this volume begins with the presentation of some aspects of soil taxonomy. In the other chapters being described elements regarding the soil resources of the world and of Romania and, implicitly, about the sustainable use and administration of the soil and land resources. Given that the soil is vulnerable to various degradation processes and that its restoration is difficult to achieve, this important natural resource must be used wisely because, according to a maxim attributed to the Indian thinker Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948): "The earth provides enough to cover man's needs, but not his greed ”.
Certainly, the effort of writing this book cannot be spared from some shortcomings, especially since the subject is particularly comprehensive. However, we consider that the level of approach and the content of the paper make it equally useful for students preparing in the field of natural sciences (especially geography students from ZI and ID), teachers and those who work in the field or in related fields, as well as all study enthusiasts, who want to update or create an image of this natural synthetic coating. We do not end this introduction without first thanking the people who supported us in our endeavor.

The Author

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