ISBN: 978-606-591-832-0
DOI: 10.5682/9786065918320
Publisher year: 2013
Edition: II, revizuita
Pages: 226
Publisher: Editura Universitara
Author: Razvan Oprea
Compendiu de pedologie
DownloadApproach for knowledge / 7
Foreword / 9
PART I
SOIL - COMPOSITION, PEDOGENETIC FACTORS, PROCESSES, PROPERTIES. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY NOTIONS / 11
1.1. DEFINITION OF PEDOLOGY, PEDOGEOGRAPHY AND SOIL / 11
1.2. SOIL COMPONENT PARTS - GENERAL ASPECTS / 12
1.3. SOIL - ELEMENT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL LANDSCAPE AND NATURAL RESOURCE / 14
1.4. SOIL FUNCTIONS / 15
CHAPTER II. MINERAL SOLID MATTER / 17
2.1. PARENTAL ROCKS / 1
2.1.1. Classification of rocks by genesis / 17
2.1.2. Classification of rocks according to pedological criteria / 19
2.2. AGENTS AND PROCESSES FOR PARENTAL ROCK TRANSFORMATION / 20
2.2.1. Disaggregation of rocks / 20
2.2.2. Alteration / 22
CHAPTER III. ALTERATION BARK / 29
3.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. CONSTITUENTS / 29
3.2. DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF THE ALTERATION BARK / 31
3.3. GEOGRAPHICAL TYPES OF ALTERATION BARK / 32
3.4. SOLIFICATION DEPOSITS FROM ROMANIA / 33
3.4.1. Slope deposits and alteration barks / 33
3.4.2. Alluvial deposits / 34
3.4.3. Proluvial deposits / 35
3.4.4. The moraine deposits / 35
3.4.5. Wind farms / 35
CHAPTER IV. ORGANIC SOIL COMPONENT / 37
4.1. SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANIC SOIL COMPONENT / 37
4.2. TRANSFORMATION OF ORGANIC MATTER AND TYPES OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES / 38
4.3. HUMUS - TYPES, IMPORTANCE, METHODS OF ANALYSIS / 40
4.3.1. Types of humus / 40
4.3.2. The importance of humus in the soil / 42
4.3.3. Humus analysis methods / 43
CHAPTER V. WATER AND AIR IN THE SOIL / 45
5.1. SOIL LIQUID COMPONENT / 45
5.1.1. Soil water sources, specific forces and soil water forms; hydrophysical indices / 45
5.1.2. Soil water balance and water regime types / 55
5.2. SOIL GAS COMPONENT / 56
5.2.1. Condition and composition of soil air / 56
5.2.2. Soil properties for air, thermal properties and types of thermal regime of soils / 57
CHAPTER VI. SOIL RELATIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. SOIL PROFILE FORMATION / 59
6.1. NATURAL PEDOGENETIC FACTORS / 59
6.1.1. Lithological factor / 60
6.1.2. Climate factor / 61
6.1.3. Biological factor / 62
6.1.4. Geomorphological factor / 63
6.1.5. Water factor / 63
6.2. SOIL PROFILE FORMATION / 64
6.2.1. General aspects / 64
6.2.2. Pedogenetic processes / 68
CHAPTER VII. SOIL PROFILE COMPOSITION - MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES / 76
7.1. MAIN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL HORIZONS / 77
7.1.1. Soil color / 77
7.1.2. Soil structure / 80
7.1.3. Soil texture / 82
7.1.4. Soil skeleton / 86
7.1.5. Neoformations / 87
7.2. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS / 90
7.3. MAIN GROUND HORIZONS / 95
7.3.1. Organic horizons / 96
7.3.2. Mineral horizons / 96
CHAPTER VIII. SOIL CARTOGRAPHY ELEMENTS. SOIL RESEARCH ON THE FIELD. PEDODIVERSITY / 100
8.1. GENERAL ASPECTS / 100
8.2. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS / 102
8.3. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SOIL PROFILE. SOIL AND MACROMONOLITE SAMPLING / 105
8.4. BOUNDARIES OF SOIL CARTOGRAPHIC UNITS / 108
8.5. TYPES OF PEDOLOGICAL MAPS ACCORDING TO SCALE / 109
8.6. PEDODIVERSITY / 111
8.6.1. Genetic pedodiversity / 111
8.6.2. Spatial pedodiversity / 113
PART II
SOIL GEOGRAPHY - TAXONOMIC ASPECTS, WORLD SOIL RESOURCES, ROMANIA'S SOIL RESOURCES
CHAPTER IX. ASPECTS REGARDING SOIL TAXONOMY / 115
9.1. CONCEPTS IN SOIL TAXONOMY / 115
9.2. NATURALIST CLASSIFICATION / 115
9.3. AMERICAN CLASSIFICATION / 116
9.4. FAO LEGEND ‑ UNESCO AND WORLD REFERENCE BASE FOR SOIL RESOURCES / 117
9.5. ROMANIAN CLASSIFICATION / 121
CHAPTER X. WORLD SOIL RESOURCES / 140
10.1. GEOGRAPHICAL LAWS OF SOIL SPREAD ON THE GLOBE / 140
10.2. SOILS WITH THICK ORGANIC HORIZON / 141
10.2.1. Histosols / 141
10.3. SOILS STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY / 142
10.3.1. Anthrosols / 142
10.3.2. Technosols / 143
10.4. SOILS WITH RESTRICTIONS FOR THE ENTRY OF ROOTS CAUSED BY PERMAFROST OR STONES / 143
10.4.1. Cryosols / 143
10.4.2. Leptosols / 144
10.5. SOILS INFLUENCED IN DIFFERENT FORMS BY WATER / 145
10.5.1. Vertisols / 145
10.5.2. Fluvisols / 147
10.5.3. Solonets / 148
10.5.4. Solonceacurile / 149
10.5.5. Gleisols / 150
10.6. SOILS INFLUENCED BY CHEMISTRY ALUMINUM / IRON / 151
10.6.1. Andosols / 151
10.6.2. Podzols / 152
10.6.3. Plinths / 154
10.6.4. Nitisols / 155
10.6.5. Feralsols / 156
10.7. SOILS FORMED BY WATER STAGNATION IN PROFILE / 158
10.7.1. Floors / 158
10.7.2. Stagnosols / 160
10.8. SOILS RICH IN HUMUS AND WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF SATURATION IN BASE / 160
10.8.1. Chernozems / 160
10.8.2. Chestanoids / 162
10.8.3. Phaeoziomes / 163
10.9. Soils from arid and semi-arid regions with accumulation of gypsum, silica or calcium carbonate / 164
10.9.1. Gypsisols / 164
10.9.2. Durisols / 165
10.9.3.Calcisols / 166
10.10. SOILS WITH INTERMEDIATE HORIZON ENRICHED IN CLAY / 167
10.10.1. Albeluvisols / 167
10.10.2. Alisols / 168
10.10.3. Acrisols / 169
10.10.4. Luvisols / 170
10.10.5. Lixisols / 171
10.11. RELATIVELY YOUNG SOILS OR SOILS WITH A WEAK DIFFERENTIATED PROFILE / 173
10.11.1. Umbrisols / 173
10.11.2. Arenosols / 174
10.11.3. Cambisols / 175
10.11.4. Regosols / 176
10.12. GREAT PEDOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS / 177
10.12.1. Holoboreal region / 179
10.12.2. Holotropical region / 179
10.12.3. Fragmoarid region / 182
10.12.4. Holoaustral region / 182
CHAPTER XI. THE SOIL RESOURCES OF ROMANIA / 185
11.1. RETROLOGICAL BRIEF OF SOIL RESEARCH IN ROMANIA / 185
11.2. GEOGRAPHICAL LAWS OF SOIL SPREAD IN ROMANIA / 186
11.3. SOIL ASSOCIATIONS / 190
11.3.1. Soils from the mountainous region of Romania / 191
11.3.2. Highly fragmented hills and plateaus / 195
11.3.3. Drained plains and poorly fragmented plateaus / 196
11.3.4. Plains not drained and poorly ‑ moderately drained / 197
11.3.5. Recent alluvial plains and well-developed meadows / 197
11.4. PEDOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONING OF THE ROMANIA TERRITORY / 198
CHAPTER XII. SUSTAINABLE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF SOIL AND LAND RESOURCES / 205
12.1. SOIL AS A NATURAL RESOURCE / 205
12.2. ECOLOGICAL SOIL GROUPS IN ROMANIA / 209
12.3. LAND USE CATEGORIES. LAND EVALUATION / 212
12.3.1. The land and its use / 212
12.3.2. Land valuation / 216
12.4. SOIL (LAND) DEGRADATION. WORLD SOIL CHARTER / 219
BIBLIOGRAPHY / 222
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