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Contemporary American English phonetics, phonology, morphology - Costin-Valentin Oancea
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ISBN: 978-606-28-1467-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5682/9786062814670
Publisher year: 2022
Edition: I
Pages: 200
Publisher: Editura Universitara
Author: Costin-Valentin Oancea
Product Code:
9786062814670
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This book was written for my students and for anyone who is interested in American English. It is meant to get students acquainted with the fascinating areas of phonetics, phonology and morphology. The book is structured into five chapters. The first one introduces students to the factors that have contributed to the emergence and development of American English. In the second chapter students get acquainted with different concepts used in linguistics: word, lexeme, function word, lexical word, parts of a sentence and English as an SVO language, and they discover the difference between language, linguistics and grammar. The subsequent chapters tackle three branches of linguistics: phonetics, phonology and morphology. Some of the most important aspects are highlighted and presented in what I hope is an accessible and easyto-understand way. Each chapter is followed by some 'study questions' meant to check the theoretical aspects discussed.
Costin-Valentin OANCEA
Costin-Valentin OANCEA
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Contemporary American English phonetics, phonology, morphology
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COSTIN-VALENTIN OANCEA
Acknowledgements / 5
Chapter 1. Varieties of English: the origin of American English / 11
1.1. American English: origins and history / 11
1.2. Accents and dialects / 18
1.2.1. Regional dialects / 21
1.2.2. Social and ethnic dialects / 23
1.2.3. Accents / 30
1.3. Vocabulary / 32
1.4. Spelling / 35
1.5. Standard and non-standard English / 38
1.6. Formal and informal style / 42
1.7. Study questions / 43
Chapter 2. Language, linguistics, grammar / 45
2.1. Language, linguistics, grammar / 45
2.2. Structuralism and the formal study of grammar / 55
2.3. Descriptive and prescriptive approaches to grammar / 58
2.4. Word and lexeme categories: the parts of speech / 60
2.4.1. Lexical words / 62
2.4.2. Function words / 65
2.5. Parts of a sentence / 71
2.6. English as an SVO language / 75
2.7. Study questions / 77
Chapter 3. The sounds of language: phonetics / 78
3.1. What does phonetics study? / 78
3.2. Articulatory Phonetics / 83
3.2.1. Transcription / 85
3.2.2. Consonants / 87
3.2.2.1. Voicing / 88
3.2.2.2. Place of articulation / 89
3.2.2.3. Manner of articulation / 92
3.2.2.4. Phonetic symbols for American English Consonants / 94
3.2.3. Vowels / 95
3.2.3.1. Monophthongs / 98
3.2.3.2. Diphthongs / 100
3.2.3.3. Tense and Lax vowels / 101
3.3. Representing the sounds of speech / 102
3.3.1. The International Phonetic Alphabet / 105
3.4. Study questions / 107
Chapter 4. The sound patterns of language: phonology / 108
4.1. What does phonology study? / 108
4.2. Phonemes and allophones / 110
4.2.1. Classes of sounds: obstruents and sonorants / 116
4.2.2. Consonant phonemes / 116
4.2.3. Consonantal allophones / 118
4.2.3.1. Aspiration / 119
4.2.3.2. Flapping / 120
4.2.3.3. Glottal stop / 121
4.2.4. Vowel phonemes / 122
4.3. Feature specifications for American English consonants and vowels / 125
4.4. Feature-changing rules / 126
4.5. Study questions / 128
Chapter 5. Word formation: morphology / 129
5.1. What does morphology study? / 129
5.2. Relations between words / 134
5.3. The morpheme / 137
5.4. Morphophonemics: phonology and morphology interface / 141
5.4.1. Allomorphs / 142
5.4.1.1. The pronunciation of the plural morpheme –s / 142
5.4.1.2. The spelling of the plural morpheme –s / 143
5.4.2. Lexical conditioning / 147
5.5. Types of morphemes / 148
5.6. Word formation processes / 150
5.6.1. Derivation / 152
5.6.2. Compounding / 160
5.6.2.1. Endocentric compounds / 162
5.6.2.2. Exocentric compounds / 165
5.6.2.3. Compounds vs phrases / 166
5.6.2.4. Morphological anaphora / 167
5.7. Inflectional morphology versus derivational morphology / 169
5.8. Study questions / 173
References / 174
Glossary / 185
Index / 195
Chapter 1. Varieties of English: the origin of American English / 11
1.1. American English: origins and history / 11
1.2. Accents and dialects / 18
1.2.1. Regional dialects / 21
1.2.2. Social and ethnic dialects / 23
1.2.3. Accents / 30
1.3. Vocabulary / 32
1.4. Spelling / 35
1.5. Standard and non-standard English / 38
1.6. Formal and informal style / 42
1.7. Study questions / 43
Chapter 2. Language, linguistics, grammar / 45
2.1. Language, linguistics, grammar / 45
2.2. Structuralism and the formal study of grammar / 55
2.3. Descriptive and prescriptive approaches to grammar / 58
2.4. Word and lexeme categories: the parts of speech / 60
2.4.1. Lexical words / 62
2.4.2. Function words / 65
2.5. Parts of a sentence / 71
2.6. English as an SVO language / 75
2.7. Study questions / 77
Chapter 3. The sounds of language: phonetics / 78
3.1. What does phonetics study? / 78
3.2. Articulatory Phonetics / 83
3.2.1. Transcription / 85
3.2.2. Consonants / 87
3.2.2.1. Voicing / 88
3.2.2.2. Place of articulation / 89
3.2.2.3. Manner of articulation / 92
3.2.2.4. Phonetic symbols for American English Consonants / 94
3.2.3. Vowels / 95
3.2.3.1. Monophthongs / 98
3.2.3.2. Diphthongs / 100
3.2.3.3. Tense and Lax vowels / 101
3.3. Representing the sounds of speech / 102
3.3.1. The International Phonetic Alphabet / 105
3.4. Study questions / 107
Chapter 4. The sound patterns of language: phonology / 108
4.1. What does phonology study? / 108
4.2. Phonemes and allophones / 110
4.2.1. Classes of sounds: obstruents and sonorants / 116
4.2.2. Consonant phonemes / 116
4.2.3. Consonantal allophones / 118
4.2.3.1. Aspiration / 119
4.2.3.2. Flapping / 120
4.2.3.3. Glottal stop / 121
4.2.4. Vowel phonemes / 122
4.3. Feature specifications for American English consonants and vowels / 125
4.4. Feature-changing rules / 126
4.5. Study questions / 128
Chapter 5. Word formation: morphology / 129
5.1. What does morphology study? / 129
5.2. Relations between words / 134
5.3. The morpheme / 137
5.4. Morphophonemics: phonology and morphology interface / 141
5.4.1. Allomorphs / 142
5.4.1.1. The pronunciation of the plural morpheme –s / 142
5.4.1.2. The spelling of the plural morpheme –s / 143
5.4.2. Lexical conditioning / 147
5.5. Types of morphemes / 148
5.6. Word formation processes / 150
5.6.1. Derivation / 152
5.6.2. Compounding / 160
5.6.2.1. Endocentric compounds / 162
5.6.2.2. Exocentric compounds / 165
5.6.2.3. Compounds vs phrases / 166
5.6.2.4. Morphological anaphora / 167
5.7. Inflectional morphology versus derivational morphology / 169
5.8. Study questions / 173
References / 174
Glossary / 185
Index / 195
This book was written for my students and for anyone who is interested in American English. It is meant to get students acquainted with the fascinating areas of phonetics, phonology and morphology. The book is structured into five chapters. The first one introduces students to the factors that have contributed to the emergence and development of American English. In the second chapter students get acquainted with different concepts used in linguistics: word, lexeme, function word, lexical word, parts of a sentence and English as an SVO language, and they discover the difference between language, linguistics and grammar. The subsequent chapters tackle three branches of linguistics: phonetics, phonology and morphology. Some of the most important aspects are highlighted and presented in what I hope is an accessible and easy-to-understand way. Each chapter is followed by some ‘study questions’ meant to check the theoretical aspects discussed.
This book is also a humble token of gratitude to my professors who taught me linguistics and made me fall in love with the English language. I owe a great debt of appreciation to my first professor of linguistics, Diana Hornoiu (Ovidius University of Constanţa), who has taught me morphology and pragmatics, who has believed in me and has constantly encouraged me from my 1st year as an undergraduate student. Professor Hornoiu has given me the opportunity to teach linguistics and for this I am forever grateful. I am equally indebted to Professor Andrei Avram (University of Bucharest), my PhD supervisor, who has been my role model and to whom I wholeheartedly thank for his constant support, guidance and mentorship.
I have been supported, encouraged, inspired and tolerated by my wife, Cristina. Thank you for sharing your ideas with me, for reading the book and for your insightful comments. I also have to thank my son, David, for “allowing me” to spend time writing this book and for witnessing the miracle of acquiring language first-hand.
I am grateful to my colleagues from the Department of Modern Languages and Communication Sciences, at Ovidius University of Constanta for their friendship, support and kind words.
Thank you, mom and dad, for everything! This book is dedicated to you.
And last, but not least, not in any way, to all my students who constantly remind me of the beauty and intricacies of the English language, for their compelling questions, intellectual curiosity and inquisitiveness in the best of sense. I hope all of you will find something useful in this book.
This book is also a humble token of gratitude to my professors who taught me linguistics and made me fall in love with the English language. I owe a great debt of appreciation to my first professor of linguistics, Diana Hornoiu (Ovidius University of Constanţa), who has taught me morphology and pragmatics, who has believed in me and has constantly encouraged me from my 1st year as an undergraduate student. Professor Hornoiu has given me the opportunity to teach linguistics and for this I am forever grateful. I am equally indebted to Professor Andrei Avram (University of Bucharest), my PhD supervisor, who has been my role model and to whom I wholeheartedly thank for his constant support, guidance and mentorship.
I have been supported, encouraged, inspired and tolerated by my wife, Cristina. Thank you for sharing your ideas with me, for reading the book and for your insightful comments. I also have to thank my son, David, for “allowing me” to spend time writing this book and for witnessing the miracle of acquiring language first-hand.
I am grateful to my colleagues from the Department of Modern Languages and Communication Sciences, at Ovidius University of Constanta for their friendship, support and kind words.
Thank you, mom and dad, for everything! This book is dedicated to you.
And last, but not least, not in any way, to all my students who constantly remind me of the beauty and intricacies of the English language, for their compelling questions, intellectual curiosity and inquisitiveness in the best of sense. I hope all of you will find something useful in this book.
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